diff --git a/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb b/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb index 7b769c4..61a1d3f 100644 --- a/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb +++ b/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb @@ -1,5 +1,53 @@ { "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "A **video presentation** of the contents in this chapter is shown below. A playlist with *all* chapters as videos is linked [here](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-2JV1G3J10lQ2xokyQowcRJI5jjNfW7f)." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/jpeg": 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\n", + "text/html": [ + "\n", + " \n", + " " + ], + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n", + "YouTubeVideo(\"aDbblINzuGQ\", width=\"60%\")" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -50,7 +98,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, + "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -63,7 +111,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 1, + "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -74,7 +122,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 2, + "execution_count": 3, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -87,7 +135,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 2, + "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -109,7 +157,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 3, + "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -122,7 +170,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 3, + "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -144,7 +192,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, + "execution_count": 5, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -157,7 +205,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 4, + "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -190,7 +238,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, + "execution_count": 6, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -200,31 +248,7 @@ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "94426021241472" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 5, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "id(True)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 6, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "94426021241440" + "True" ] }, "execution_count": 6, @@ -233,7 +257,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "id(False)" + "True" ] }, { @@ -248,7 +272,7 @@ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "bool" + "94082696684160" ] }, "execution_count": 7, @@ -257,7 +281,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "type(True)" + "id(True)" ] }, { @@ -265,7 +289,7 @@ "execution_count": 8, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -280,6 +304,78 @@ "output_type": "execute_result" } ], + "source": [ + "type(True)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "False" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "False" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "94082696684128" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "id(False)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "bool" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], "source": [ "type(False)" ] @@ -301,7 +397,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, + "execution_count": 12, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -314,7 +410,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 10, + "execution_count": 13, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -324,10 +420,10 @@ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "94426021228432" + "94082696671120" ] }, - "execution_count": 10, + "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -338,10 +434,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 11, + "execution_count": 14, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -351,7 +447,7 @@ "NoneType" ] }, - "execution_count": 11, + "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -386,10 +482,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 12, + "execution_count": 15, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -399,7 +495,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 12, + "execution_count": 15, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -424,10 +520,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 13, + "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -437,7 +533,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 13, + "execution_count": 16, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -457,12 +553,12 @@ } }, "source": [ - "So the following expression regards *four* objects in memory: *One* `list` object holding ten references to *three* other objects." + "So the following expression regards *four* objects in memory: *One* `list` object holding six references to *three* other objects." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 14, + "execution_count": 17, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -472,16 +568,16 @@ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "[True, False, None, None, None, True, False, None, None, None]" + "[True, False, None, True, False, None]" ] }, - "execution_count": 14, + "execution_count": 17, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "[True, False, None, None, None, True, False, None, None, None]" + "[True, False, None, True, False, None]" ] }, { @@ -508,7 +604,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 15, + "execution_count": 18, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -521,7 +617,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 15, + "execution_count": 18, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -532,7 +628,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 16, + "execution_count": 19, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -545,13 +641,13 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 16, + "execution_count": 19, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "42 != 123 # \"not equal to\"; other languages may use \"<>\"" + "42 != 123 # \"not equal to\"" ] }, { @@ -567,7 +663,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 17, + "execution_count": 20, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -580,7 +676,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 17, + "execution_count": 20, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -591,10 +687,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, + "execution_count": 21, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -604,7 +700,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 18, + "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -615,7 +711,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 19, + "execution_count": 22, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -628,7 +724,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 19, + "execution_count": 22, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -639,10 +735,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 20, + "execution_count": 23, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -652,7 +748,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 20, + "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -691,7 +787,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 21, + "execution_count": 24, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -716,7 +812,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 22, + "execution_count": 25, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -729,7 +825,7 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 22, + "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -749,89 +845,6 @@ "However, sometimes, it is good to use *parentheses* around each operand for clarity." ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 23, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(a > 5) and (b <= 100)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "This is especially so when several logical operators are combined." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 24, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "a <= 5 or not b > 100" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 25, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(a <= 5) or not (b > 100)" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, @@ -853,7 +866,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "(a <= 5) or (not (b > 100)) # no need to \"over do\" it" + "(a > 5) and (b <= 100)" ] }, { @@ -864,9 +877,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "For even better readability, some practitioners suggest to *never* use the `>` and `>=` operators (cf., [source](https://llewellynfalco.blogspot.com/2016/02/dont-use-greater-than-sign-in.html); note that the included example is written in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29) where `&&` means `and` and `||` means `or`).\n", - "\n", - "We may **chain** operators if the expressions that contain them are combined with the `and` operator. For example, the following two cells implement the same logic, where the second is a lot easier to read." + "This is especially so when several logical operators are combined." ] }, { @@ -890,7 +901,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "5 < a and a < 87" + "a <= 5 or not b > 100" ] }, { @@ -913,6 +924,91 @@ "output_type": "execute_result" } ], + "source": [ + "(a <= 5) or not (b > 100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "True" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "(a <= 5) or (not (b > 100)) # no need to \"over do\" it" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "For even better readability, some practitioners suggest to *never* use the `>` and `>=` operators (cf., [source](https://llewellynfalco.blogspot.com/2016/02/dont-use-greater-than-sign-in.html); note that the included example is written in [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29) where `&&` means `and` and `||` means `or`).\n", + "\n", + "We may **chain** operators if the expressions that contain them are combined with the `and` operator. For example, the following two cells implement the same logic, where the second is a lot easier to read." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "True" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "5 < a and a < 87" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "True" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 31, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], "source": [ "5 < a < 87" ] @@ -940,101 +1036,7 @@ "\n", "For example, any non-zero numeric object is cast as `True`. While this behavior allows writing more concise and thus more \"beautiful\" code, it may also be a source of confusion.\n", "\n", - "So, `(a - 21)` is cast as `True` and then the overall expression evaluates to `True` as well." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 29, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "(a - 21) and (b < 100) # => 21 and (b < 100) => 21 and True" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Whenever we are unsure how Python evaluates a non-boolean expression in a boolean context, the [bool()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool) built-in allows us to do it ourselves. [bool()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool), like [int()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int), is yet another *constructor*." - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "True" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 30, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "bool(a - 21) # = bool(21)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "text/plain": [ - "False" - ] - }, - "execution_count": 31, - "metadata": {}, - "output_type": "execute_result" - } - ], - "source": [ - "bool(a - 42) # = bool(0)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Let's keep in mind that negative numbers also evaluate to `True`!" + "So, `(a - 40)` is cast as `True` and then the overall expression evaluates to `True` as well." ] }, { @@ -1042,7 +1044,7 @@ "execution_count": 32, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" + "slide_type": "slide" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -1058,7 +1060,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "bool(a - 43) # = bool(-1)" + "(a - 40) and (b < 100)" ] }, { @@ -1069,7 +1071,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "In a boolean context, `None` is cast as `False`! So, `None` is *not* a \"maybe\" answer but a \"no.\"" + "Whenever we are unsure how Python evaluates a non-boolean expression in a boolean context, the [bool()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool) built-in allows us to do it ourselves. [bool()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool), like [int()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int), is yet another *constructor*." ] }, { @@ -1077,14 +1079,14 @@ "execution_count": 33, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "False" + "True" ] }, "execution_count": 33, @@ -1093,18 +1095,7 @@ } ], "source": [ - "bool(None)" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "skip" - } - }, - "source": [ - "Another good rule to know is that container types (e.g., `list`) evaluate to `False` whenever they are empty and `True` if they hold at least one element." + "bool(a - 40)" ] }, { @@ -1112,7 +1103,7 @@ "execution_count": 34, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -1128,7 +1119,18 @@ } ], "source": [ - "bool([])" + "bool(a - 42)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "Let's keep in mind that negative numbers also evaluate to `True`!" ] }, { @@ -1151,6 +1153,100 @@ "output_type": "execute_result" } ], + "source": [ + "bool(a - 44)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "In a boolean context, `None` is cast as `False`! So, `None` is *not* a \"maybe\" answer but a \"no.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "False" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 36, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "bool(None)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "Another good rule to know is that container types (e.g., `list`) evaluate to `False` whenever they are empty and `True` if they hold at least one element." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "False" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 37, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "bool([])" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "True" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], "source": [ "bool([False])" ] @@ -1168,7 +1264,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 36, + "execution_count": 39, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -1181,7 +1277,7 @@ "False" ] }, - "execution_count": 36, + "execution_count": 39, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -1192,10 +1288,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 37, + "execution_count": 40, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -1205,13 +1301,13 @@ "True" ] }, - "execution_count": 37, + "execution_count": 40, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "bool(\"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, ...\")" + "bool(\"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.\")" ] }, { @@ -1260,10 +1356,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 38, + "execution_count": 41, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [], @@ -1287,12 +1383,36 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 39, + "execution_count": 42, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "1" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 42, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "0 or 1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", @@ -1308,23 +1428,47 @@ "1" ] }, - "execution_count": 39, + "execution_count": 43, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "expr(0) or expr(1)" + "expr(0) or expr(1) # both operands are evaluated" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 40, + "execution_count": 44, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "1" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "1 or 2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 45, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", @@ -1339,7 +1483,7 @@ "1" ] }, - "execution_count": 40, + "execution_count": 45, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -1350,10 +1494,34 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 41, + "execution_count": 46, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "1" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 46, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "0 or 1 or 2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 47, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -1371,7 +1539,7 @@ "1" ] }, - "execution_count": 41, + "execution_count": 47, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -1393,12 +1561,36 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 42, + "execution_count": 48, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "0" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 48, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "False or [] or 0" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 49, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", @@ -1415,13 +1607,13 @@ "0" ] }, - "execution_count": 42, + "execution_count": 49, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "expr(False) or expr([]) or expr(0)" + "expr(False) or expr([]) or expr(0) # all operands are evaluated" ] }, { @@ -1437,12 +1629,36 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 43, + "execution_count": 50, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "0" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 50, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "0 and 1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 51, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", @@ -1457,7 +1673,7 @@ "0" ] }, - "execution_count": 43, + "execution_count": 51, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -1468,42 +1684,34 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 44, + "execution_count": 52, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [ - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "Arg: 1\n", - "Arg: 0\n" - ] - }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ "0" ] }, - "execution_count": 44, + "execution_count": 52, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "expr(1) and expr(0)" + "1 and 0" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 45, + "execution_count": 53, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [ @@ -1521,7 +1729,63 @@ "0" ] }, - "execution_count": 45, + "execution_count": 53, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "expr(1) and expr(0) # both operands are evaluated" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 54, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "fragment" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "0" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 54, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "1 and 0 and 2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 55, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Arg: 1\n", + "Arg: 0\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "0" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 55, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } @@ -1543,34 +1807,59 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 46, + "execution_count": 56, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "text/plain": [ + "3" + ] + }, + "execution_count": 56, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "execute_result" + } + ], + "source": [ + "1 and 2 and 3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 57, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Arg: 1\n", - "Arg: 2\n" + "Arg: 2\n", + "Arg: 3\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "2" + "3" ] }, - "execution_count": 46, + "execution_count": 57, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ - "expr(1) and expr(2)" + "expr(1) and expr(2) and expr(3)" ] }, { @@ -1622,7 +1911,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 47, + "execution_count": 58, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1635,10 +1924,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 48, + "execution_count": 59, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "fragment" } }, "outputs": [], @@ -1648,10 +1937,10 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 49, + "execution_count": 60, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "skip" } }, "outputs": [], @@ -1659,6 +1948,17 @@ "random.seed(789)" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### \"Wrong Logic\" Example: Is the number divisible by `2`, `3`, both, or none?" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1672,7 +1972,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, + "execution_count": 61, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1700,6 +2000,17 @@ " print(number, \"is divisible by neither 2 nor 3\")" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### \"Correct Logic\" Example: Is the number divisible by `2`, `3`, both, or none?" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1713,7 +2024,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 51, + "execution_count": 62, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -1726,7 +2037,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 52, + "execution_count": 63, "metadata": { "code_folding": [], "slideshow": { @@ -1755,6 +2066,17 @@ " print(number, \"is divisible by neither 2 nor 3\")" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### \"Concise Logic\" Example: Is the number divisible by `2`, `3`, both, or none?" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1768,7 +2090,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 53, + "execution_count": 64, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -1781,7 +2103,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 54, + "execution_count": 65, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1809,6 +2131,17 @@ " print(number, \"is divisible by neither 2 nor 3\")" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### Only the `if`-clause is mandatory" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1824,7 +2157,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 55, + "execution_count": 66, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1844,6 +2177,17 @@ " print(\"You read this as often as you see heads when tossing a coin\")" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### Common Use Case: A binary Choice" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1857,7 +2201,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 56, + "execution_count": 67, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -1870,7 +2214,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 57, + "execution_count": 68, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1907,7 +2251,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 58, + "execution_count": 69, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -1920,7 +2264,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 59, + "execution_count": 70, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -1938,12 +2282,23 @@ "source": [ "number = random.choice(numbers)\n", "\n", - "if number % 2: # Beware of the opposite meaning!\n", + "if number % 2: # Note the opposite meaning!\n", " print(number, \"is odd\")\n", "else:\n", " print(number, \"is even\")" ] }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### \"Hard to read\" Example: Nesting `if` Statements" + ] + }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -1954,12 +2309,12 @@ "source": [ "We may **nest** `if` statements to control the flow of execution in a more granular way. Every additional layer, however, makes the code *less* readable, in particular, if we have more than one line per code block.\n", "\n", - "As another example, the code cell below first tosses a coin and then *either* checks if `signed_number` is even or odd *or* if it is positive or negative." + "For example, the code cell below implements an [A/B Testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B_testing) strategy where half the time a \"complex\" message is shown to a \"user\" while in the remaining times an \"easy\" message is shown. To do so, the code first \"tosses a coin\" and then checks a randomly drawn `number`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 60, + "execution_count": 71, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -1972,7 +2327,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 61, + "execution_count": 72, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -1983,23 +2338,36 @@ "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ - "4 is even\n" + "6 can be divided by 2 without a rest\n" ] } ], "source": [ - "signed_number = random.choice([-1, +1]) * random.choice(numbers)\n", + "number = random.choice(numbers)\n", "\n", + "# Coin is heads.\n", "if random.random() > 0.5:\n", - " if signed_number % 2:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is odd\")\n", + " if number % 2 == 0:\n", + " print(number, \"can be divided by 2 without a rest\")\n", " else:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is even\")\n", + " print(number, \"divided by 2 results in a non-zero rest\")\n", + "# Coin is tails.\n", "else:\n", - " if signed_number > 0:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is positive\")\n", + " if number % 2 == 0:\n", + " print(number, \"is even\")\n", " else:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is negative\")" + " print(number, \"is odd\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "source": [ + "#### \"Easy to read\" Example: Flattening nested `if` Statements" ] }, { @@ -2010,14 +2378,14 @@ } }, "source": [ - "A way to make this code more readable is to introduce **temporary variables** *in combination* with the `and` operator to **flatten** the branching logic. The `if` statement then reads almost like plain English. In contrast to many other languages, creating variables is a computationally *cheap* operation in Python and also helps to document the code *inline* with meaningful variable names.\n", + "A way to make this code more readable is to introduce **temporary variables** *in combination* with the `and` operator to **flatten** the branching logic. The `if` statement then reads almost like plain English. In contrast to many other languages, creating variables is a computationally *cheap* operation in Python (i.e., only a reference is created) and also helps to document the code *inline* with meaningful variable names.\n", "\n", "Flattening the logic *without* temporary variables could lead to *more* sub-expressions in the conditions be evaluated than necessary. Do you see why?" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 62, + "execution_count": 73, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -2030,7 +2398,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 63, + "execution_count": 74, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -2041,25 +2409,24 @@ "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ - "4 is even\n" + "6 can be divided by 2 without a rest\n" ] } ], "source": [ - "signed_number = random.choice([-1, +1]) * random.choice(numbers)\n", + "number = random.choice(numbers)\n", "\n", - "check_oddness = random.random() > 0.5\n", - "is_odd = signed_number % 2\n", - "is_positive = signed_number > 0\n", + "coin_is_heads = random.random() > 0.5\n", + "number_is_even = number % 2 == 0\n", "\n", - "if check_oddness and is_odd:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is odd\")\n", - "elif check_oddness and not is_odd:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is even\")\n", - "elif not check_oddness and is_positive:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is positive\")\n", + "if coin_is_heads and number_is_even:\n", + " print(number, \"can be divided by 2 without a rest\")\n", + "elif coin_is_heads and not number_is_even:\n", + " print(number, \"divided by 2 results in a non-zero rest\")\n", + "elif not coin_is_heads and number_is_even:\n", + " print(number, \"is even\")\n", "else:\n", - " print(signed_number, \"is negative\")" + " print(number, \"is odd\")" ] }, { @@ -2098,24 +2465,11 @@ "y = f(x) =\n", "\\begin{cases}\n", "0, \\text{ if } x \\le 0 \\\\\n", - "x^2, \\text{ otherwise}\n", + "x, \\text{ otherwise}\n", "\\end{cases}\n", "$" ] }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 64, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "slide" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "x = 3" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { @@ -2129,41 +2483,32 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 65, + "execution_count": 75, "metadata": { "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "fragment" - } - }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "if x <= 0:\n", - " y = 0\n", - "else:\n", - " y = x ** 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 66, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" + "slide_type": "slide" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "9" + "3" ] }, - "execution_count": 66, + "execution_count": 75, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ + "x = 3\n", + "\n", + "if x <= 0:\n", + " y = 0\n", + "else:\n", + " y = x\n", + "\n", "y" ] }, @@ -2180,38 +2525,29 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 67, + "execution_count": 76, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "y = 0 if x <= 0 else x ** 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 68, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" - } - }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "9" + "3" ] }, - "execution_count": 68, + "execution_count": 76, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ + "x = 3\n", + "\n", + "y = 0 if x <= 0 else x\n", + "\n", "y" ] }, @@ -2228,38 +2564,29 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 69, + "execution_count": 77, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" } }, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "y = max(0, x) ** 2" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 70, - "metadata": { - "slideshow": { - "slide_type": "-" - } - }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ - "9" + "3" ] }, - "execution_count": 70, + "execution_count": 77, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ + "x = 3\n", + "\n", + "y = max(0, x)\n", + "\n", "y" ] }, @@ -2282,16 +2609,14 @@ } }, "source": [ - "In the previous two chapters, we encountered a couple of *runtime* errors. A natural urge we might have after reading about conditional statements is to write code that somehow reacts to the occurrence of such exceptions. All we need is a way to formulate a condition for that.\n", + "In the previous two chapters, we encountered a couple of *runtime* errors. A natural urge we might have after reading about conditional statements is to write code that somehow reacts to the occurrence of such exceptions.\n", "\n", - "For sure, this is such a common thing to do that Python provides a language construct for it, namely the compound `try` statement (cf., [reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement)).\n", - "\n", - "In its simplest form, it comes with just two clauses: `try` and `except`. The following tells Python to execute the code in the `try`-clause, and if *anything* goes wrong, continue in the `except`-clause instead of **raising** an error to us. Of course, if nothing goes wrong, the `except`-clause is *not* executed." + "Consider a situation where we are given some user input that may contain values that cause problems. To illustrate this, we draw a random integer between `0` and `5`, and then divide by this number. Naturally, we see a `ZeroDivisionError` in 16.6% of the cases." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 71, + "execution_count": 78, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -2304,7 +2629,60 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 72, + "execution_count": 79, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "slide" + } + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "ename": "ZeroDivisionError", + "evalue": "division by zero", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "\u001b[0;32m\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m \u001b[0muser_input\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrandom\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mchoice\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0muser_input\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "user_input = random.choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n", + "\n", + "1 / user_input" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "source": [ + "With the compound `try` statement (cf., [reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement)), we can **handle** any *runtime* error.\n", + "\n", + "In its simplest form, it comes with just two clauses: `try` and `except`. The following tells Python to execute the code in the `try`-clause, and if *anything* goes wrong, continue in the `except`-clause instead of **raising** an error to us. Of course, if nothing goes wrong, the `except`-clause is *not* executed." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 80, + "metadata": { + "slideshow": { + "slide_type": "skip" + } + }, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "random.seed(123)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 81, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -2320,10 +2698,10 @@ } ], "source": [ - "user_input = random.choice([0, 1])\n", + "user_input = random.choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n", "\n", "try:\n", - " 1 / user_input\n", + " print(\"The result is\", 1 / user_input)\n", "except:\n", " print(\"Something went wrong\")" ] @@ -2336,7 +2714,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "However, it is good practice *not* to **handle** *any* possible exception but only the ones we may *expect* from the code in the `try`-clause. The reason for that is that we do not want to risk *suppressing* an exception that we do *not* expect. Also, the code base becomes easier to understand as we communicate what could go wrong during execution in an *explicit* way to the (human) reader. Python comes with a lot of [built-in exceptions](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions) that we should familiarize ourselves with.\n", + "However, it is good practice *not* to handle *any* possible exception but only the ones we may *expect* from the code in the `try`-clause. The reason for that is that we do not want to risk *suppressing* an exception that we do *not* expect. Also, the code base becomes easier to understand as we communicate what could go wrong during execution in an *explicit* way to the (human) reader. Python comes with a lot of [built-in exceptions](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions) that we should familiarize ourselves with.\n", "\n", "Another good practice is to always keep the code in the `try`-clause short to not *accidentally* handle an exception we do *not* want to handle.\n", "\n", @@ -2345,7 +2723,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 73, + "execution_count": 82, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -2358,7 +2736,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 74, + "execution_count": 83, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "fragment" @@ -2374,10 +2752,10 @@ } ], "source": [ - "user_input = random.choice([0, 1])\n", + "user_input = random.choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n", "\n", "try:\n", - " 1 / user_input\n", + " print(\"The result is\", 1 / user_input)\n", "except ZeroDivisionError:\n", " print(\"Something went wrong\")" ] @@ -2399,7 +2777,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 75, + "execution_count": 84, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "skip" @@ -2412,7 +2790,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 76, + "execution_count": 85, "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" @@ -2429,14 +2807,14 @@ } ], "source": [ - "user_input = random.choice([0, 1])\n", + "user_input = random.choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n", "\n", "try:\n", - " 1 / user_input\n", + " result = 1 / user_input\n", "except ZeroDivisionError:\n", " print(\"Oops. Division by 0. How does that work?\")\n", "else:\n", - " print(\"Yes, division worked smoothly.\")\n", + " print(\"The result is\", result)\n", "finally:\n", " print(\"I am always printed\")" ] diff --git a/03_conditionals_01_review.ipynb b/03_conditionals_01_review.ipynb index cd56223..57a706e 100644 --- a/03_conditionals_01_review.ipynb +++ b/03_conditionals_01_review.ipynb @@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Read [Chapter 3](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb) of the book. Then, work through the questions below." + "The questions below assume that you have read [Chapter 3](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb) in the book.\n", + "\n", + "Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence." ] }, { @@ -29,13 +31,6 @@ "### Essay Questions " ] }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Answer the following questions *briefly*!" - ] - }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, @@ -47,7 +42,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -61,7 +56,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -75,7 +70,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -89,7 +84,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -103,7 +98,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -129,7 +124,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -159,7 +154,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] } ], diff --git a/03_conditionals_02_exercises.ipynb b/03_conditionals_02_exercises.ipynb index ac4acd1..c8870ce 100644 --- a/03_conditionals_02_exercises.ipynb +++ b/03_conditionals_02_exercises.ipynb @@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "Read [Chapter 3](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb) of the book. Then, work through the exercises below. The `...` indicate where you need to fill in your answers. You should not need to create any additional code cells." + "The exercises below assume that you have read [Chapter 3](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/03_conditionals_00_lecture.ipynb) in the book.\n", + "\n", + "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas." ] }, { @@ -49,8 +51,28 @@ "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ - "def discounted_price(...):\n", - " ..." + "def discounted_price(unit_price, quantity):\n", + " \"\"\"Calculate the price of a line item in an order.\n", + "\n", + " Args:\n", + " unit_price (float): price of one ordered item\n", + " quantity (int): number of items ordered\n", + "\n", + " Returns:\n", + " line_item_price (float)\n", + " \"\"\"\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + "\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + "\n", + " return ..." ] }, { @@ -143,7 +165,7 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - " " + " < your answer >" ] }, { @@ -182,9 +204,9 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "**Q2.2**: Loop over the `numbers` list and replace numbers for which one of the two (or both) conditions apply with text strings `\"Fizz\"`, `\"Buzz\"`, or `\"FizzBuzz\"` using the indexing operator `[]` and the assignment statement `=`.\n", + "**Q2.2**: Loop over the `numbers` list and *replace* numbers for which one of the two (or both) conditions apply with text strings `\"Fizz\"`, `\"Buzz\"`, or `\"FizzBuzz\"` using the indexing operator `[]` and the assignment statement `=`.\n", "\n", - "In [Chapter 1](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/01_elements_00_lecture.ipynb), we saw that Python starts indexing with `0` as the first element. Keep that in mind.\n", + "In [Chapter 1](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/01_elements_00_lecture.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?), we saw that Python starts indexing with `0` as the first element. Keep that in mind.\n", "\n", "So in each iteration of the `for`-loop, you have to determine an `index` variable as well as check the actual `number` for its divisors.\n", "\n", @@ -198,6 +220,13 @@ "outputs": [], "source": [ "for number in numbers:\n", + " ...\n", + "\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", + " ...\n", " ..." ] },