diff --git a/01_elements/00_content.ipynb b/01_elements/00_content.ipynb index 6003bd9..4d6c792 100644 --- a/01_elements/00_content.ipynb +++ b/01_elements/00_content.ipynb @@ -1340,9 +1340,9 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Different types imply different behaviors for the objects. The `b` object, for example, may be \"asked\" if it is a whole number with the [is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) \"functionality\" that comes with *every* `float` object.\n", + "Different types imply different behaviors for the objects. The `b` object, for example, may be \"asked\" if it is a whole number with the [.is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) \"functionality\" that comes with *every* `float` object.\n", "\n", - "Formally, we call such type-specific functionalities **methods** (i.e., as opposed to functions) and we look at them in detail in [Chapter 10 ](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/10_classes/00_content.ipynb). For now, it suffices to know that we access them with the **dot operator** `.` on the object. Of course, `b` is a whole number, which the boolean object `True` tells us." + "Formally, we call such type-specific functionalities **methods** (i.e., as opposed to functions) and we look at them in detail in [Chapter 11 ](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb). For now, it suffices to know that we access them with the **dot operator** `.` on the object. Of course, `b` is a whole number, which the boolean object `True` tells us." ] }, { @@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "For an `int` object, this [is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) check does *not* make sense as we already know it is an `int`: We see the `AttributeError` below as `a` does not even know what `is_integer()` means." + "For an `int` object, this [.is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) check does *not* make sense as we already know it is an `int`: We see the `AttributeError` below as `a` does not even know what `is_integer()` means." ] }, { diff --git a/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb b/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb index 8cfb19f..dafbe08 100644 --- a/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb +++ b/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb @@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ "\n", "First, we divide the business logic into two functions `get_guess()` and `toss_coin()` that are controlled from within a `while`-loop.\n", "\n", - "`get_guess()` not only reads in the user's input but also implements a simple input validation pattern in that the [strip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=__contains__#str.strip) and [lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=__contains__#str.lower) methods remove preceding and trailing whitespace and lower case the input ensuring that the user may spell the input in any possible way (e.g., all upper or lower case). Also, `get_guess()` checks if the user entered one of the two valid options. If so, it returns either `\"heads\"` or `\"tails\"`; if not, it returns `None`." + "`get_guess()` not only reads in the user's input but also implements a simple input validation pattern in that the [.strip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=__contains__#str.strip) and [.lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=__contains__#str.lower) methods remove preceding and trailing whitespace and lower case the input ensuring that the user may spell the input in any possible way (e.g., all upper or lower case). Also, `get_guess()` checks if the user entered one of the two valid options. If so, it returns either `\"heads\"` or `\"tails\"`; if not, it returns `None`." ] }, { diff --git a/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb b/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb index af18f07..00157ad 100644 --- a/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb +++ b/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb @@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@ "\n", "The Python [documentation ](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/floatingpoint.html) provides another good discussion of floats and the goodness of their approximations.\n", "\n", - "If we are interested in the exact bits behind a `float` object, we use the [hex() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.hex) method that returns a `str` object beginning with `\"0x1.\"` followed by the $fraction$ in hexadecimal notation and the $exponent$ as an integer after subtraction of $1023$ and separated by a `\"p\"`." + "If we are interested in the exact bits behind a `float` object, we use the [.hex() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.hex) method that returns a `str` object beginning with `\"0x1.\"` followed by the $fraction$ in hexadecimal notation and the $exponent$ as an integer after subtraction of $1023$ and separated by a `\"p\"`." ] }, { @@ -1875,7 +1875,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Also, the [as_integer_ratio() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.as_integer_ratio) method returns the two smallest integers whose ratio best approximates a `float` object." + "Also, the [.as_integer_ratio() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.as_integer_ratio) method returns the two smallest integers whose ratio best approximates a `float` object." ] }, { @@ -2030,7 +2030,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "As seen in [Chapter 1 ](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Data%29-Type-%2F-%22Behavior%22), the [is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) method tells us if a `float` can be casted as an `int` object without any loss in precision." + "As seen in [Chapter 1 ](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Data%29-Type-%2F-%22Behavior%22), the [.is_integer() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) method tells us if a `float` can be casted as an `int` object without any loss in precision." ] }, { @@ -2091,7 +2091,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "As the exact implementation of floats may vary and be dependent on a particular Python installation, we look up the [float_info ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.float_info) attribute in the [sys ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html) module in the [standard library ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) to check the details. Usually, this is not necessary." + "As the exact implementation of floats may vary and be dependent on a particular Python installation, we look up the [.float_info ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.float_info) attribute in the [sys ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html) module in the [standard library ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) to check the details. Usually, this is not necessary." ] }, { diff --git a/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb b/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb index e430e90..ae1b01d 100644 --- a/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb +++ b/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "A `complex` number comes with two **attributes** `real` and `imag` that return the two parts as `float` objects on their own." + "A `complex` number comes with two **attributes** `.real` and `.imag` that return the two parts as `float` objects on their own." ] }, { @@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Also, a `conjugate()` method is bound to every `complex` object. The [complex conjugate ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate) is defined to be the complex number with identical real part but an imaginary part reversed in sign." + "Also, a `.conjugate()` method is bound to every `complex` object. The [complex conjugate ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate) is defined to be the complex number with identical real part but an imaginary part reversed in sign." ] }, { diff --git a/06_text/00_content.ipynb b/06_text/00_content.ipynb index 7c9fff8..236942b 100644 --- a/06_text/00_content.ipynb +++ b/06_text/00_content.ipynb @@ -2370,7 +2370,7 @@ "source": [ "Objects of type `str` come with many **methods** bound on them (cf., the [documentation ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods) for a full list). As seen before, they work like *normal* functions and are accessed via the **dot operator** `.`. Calling a method is also referred to as **method invocation**.\n", "\n", - "The [find() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or a substring. If no match is found, it returns `-1`. A mirrored version searching from the right called [rfind() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind) exists as well. The [index() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.index) and [rindex() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rindex) methods work in the same way but raise a `ValueError` if no match is found. So, we can control if a search fails *silently* or *loudly*." + "The [.find() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or a substring. If no match is found, it returns `-1`. A mirrored version searching from the right called [.rfind() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind) exists as well. The [.index() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.index) and [.rindex() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rindex) methods work in the same way but raise a `ValueError` if no match is found. So, we can control if a search fails *silently* or *loudly*." ] }, { @@ -2477,7 +2477,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "[find() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) takes optional *start* and *end* arguments that allow us to find occurrences other than the first one." + "[.find() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) takes optional *start* and *end* arguments that allow us to find occurrences other than the first one." ] }, { @@ -2560,7 +2560,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "The [count() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) method does what we expect." + "The [.count() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) method does what we expect." ] }, { @@ -2619,7 +2619,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "As [count() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) is *case-sensitive*, we must **chain** it with the [lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) method to get the count of all `\"L\"`s and `\"l\"`s." + "As [.count() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) is *case-sensitive*, we must **chain** it with the [.lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) method to get the count of all `\"L\"`s and `\"l\"`s." ] }, { @@ -2654,7 +2654,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Alternatively, we can use the [upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) method and search for `\"L\"`s." + "Alternatively, we can use the [.upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) method and search for `\"L\"`s." ] }, { @@ -2689,7 +2689,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Because `str` objects are *immutable*, [upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) return *new* `str` objects, even if they do *not* change the value of the original `str` object." + "Because `str` objects are *immutable*, [.upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [.lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) return *new* `str` objects, even if they do *not* change the value of the original `str` object." ] }, { @@ -2833,7 +2833,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Besides [upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) there exist also [title() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title) and [swapcase() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.swapcase) methods." + "Besides [.upper() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [.lower() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) there exist also [.title() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title) and [.swapcase() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.swapcase) methods." ] }, { @@ -2940,9 +2940,9 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Another popular string method is [split() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split): It separates a longer `str` object into smaller ones collected in a `list` object. By default, groups of contiguous whitespace characters are used as the *separator*.\n", + "Another popular string method is [.split() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split): It separates a longer `str` object into smaller ones collected in a `list` object. By default, groups of contiguous whitespace characters are used as the *separator*.\n", "\n", - "As an example, we use [split() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) to print out the individual words in `text` with more whitespace in between them." + "As an example, we use [.split() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) to print out the individual words in `text` with more whitespace in between them." ] }, { @@ -2999,7 +2999,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "The opposite of splitting is done with the [join() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) method. It is typically invoked on a `str` object that represents a separator (e.g., `\" \"` or `\", \"`) and connects the elements provided by an *iterable* argument (e.g., `words` below) into one *new* `str` object." + "The opposite of splitting is done with the [.join() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) method. It is typically invoked on a `str` object that represents a separator (e.g., `\" \"` or `\", \"`) and connects the elements provided by an *iterable* argument (e.g., `words` below) into one *new* `str` object." ] }, { @@ -3095,7 +3095,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "The [replace() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method creates a *new* `str` object with parts of the original `str` object potentially replaced." + "The [.replace() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method creates a *new* `str` object with parts of the original `str` object potentially replaced." ] }, { @@ -3130,7 +3130,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Note how `sentence` itself remains unchanged. Bound to an immutable object, [replace() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) must create *new* objects." + "Note how `sentence` itself remains unchanged. Bound to an immutable object, [.replace() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) must create *new* objects." ] }, { @@ -3165,7 +3165,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "As seen previously, the [strip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.strip) method is often helpful in cleaning text data from unreliable sources like user input from unnecessary leading and trailing whitespace. The [lstrip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lstrip) and [rstrip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rstrip) methods are specialized versions of it." + "As seen previously, the [.strip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.strip) method is often helpful in cleaning text data from unreliable sources like user input from unnecessary leading and trailing whitespace. The [.lstrip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lstrip) and [.rstrip() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rstrip) methods are specialized versions of it." ] }, { @@ -3248,7 +3248,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "When justifying a `str` object for output, the [ljust() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.ljust) and [rjust() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rjust) methods may be helpful." + "When justifying a `str` object for output, the [.ljust() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.ljust) and [.rjust() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rjust) methods may be helpful." ] }, { @@ -3307,7 +3307,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "Similarly, the [zfill() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.zfill) method can be used to pad a `str` representation of a number with leading `0`s for justified output." + "Similarly, the [.zfill() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.zfill) method can be used to pad a `str` representation of a number with leading `0`s for justified output." ] }, { @@ -3706,7 +3706,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "`str` objects also provide a [format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method that accepts an arbitrary number of *positional* arguments that are inserted into the `str` object in the same order replacing empty curly brackets `{}`. String interpolation with the [format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is a more traditional and probably the most common way as of today. While f-strings are the recommended way going forward, usage of the [format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is likely not declining any time soon." + "`str` objects also provide a [.format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method that accepts an arbitrary number of *positional* arguments that are inserted into the `str` object in the same order replacing empty curly brackets `{}`. String interpolation with the [.format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is a more traditional and probably the most common way as of today. While f-strings are the recommended way going forward, usage of the [.format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is likely not declining any time soon." ] }, { @@ -3776,7 +3776,7 @@ } }, "source": [ - "The [format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method may alternatively be used with *keyword* arguments as well. Then, we must put the keywords' names within the curly brackets." + "The [.format() ](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method may alternatively be used with *keyword* arguments as well. Then, we must put the keywords' names within the curly brackets." ] }, {