Restructure folders & notebooks

- drop 'chapter_' prefix for chapter folders
- drop numbers for ToC sub-chapters
- split exercises into one problem set per notebook
- adjust titles in notebooks => show sub-chapter titles on the same
  line as the actual chapter titles

00_intro/00_content.ipynb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -750,8 +750,8 @@
     "**Part A: Expressing Logic**\n",
     "\n",
     "- What is a programming language? What kind of words exist?\n",
-    "  - *Chapter 1*: [Elements of a Program <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb)\n",
+    "  - *Chapter 1*: [Elements of a Program <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)\n",
-    "  - *Chapter 2*: [Functions & Modularization <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb)\n",
+    "  - *Chapter 2*: [Functions & Modularization <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)\n",
     "- What is the flow of execution? How can we form sentences from words?\n",
     "  - *Chapter 3*: Conditionals & Exceptions\n",
     "  - *Chapter 4*: Recursion & Looping"

00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb

@@ -4,35 +4,28 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_00_intro/02_exercises.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/02_exercises.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 0: Introduction"
+    "# Chapter 0: Introduction (Coding Exercises)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## \"Coding\" Exercises"
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "The exercises below assume that you have read [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb)."
+    "## Mastering Markdown"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### Mastering Markdown"
    ]
   },
   {

00_intro/02_review.ipynb

@@ -4,21 +4,14 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 0: Introduction"
+    "# Chapter 0: Introduction (Review Questions)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Review"
+    "The questions below assume that you have read [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb).\n",
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The questions below assume that you have read [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb).\n",
     "\n",
     "Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence."
    ]
@@ -27,7 +20,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### Essay Questions "
+    "## Essay Questions "
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -90,7 +83,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### True / False Questions"
+    "## True / False Questions"
    ]
   },
   {

01_elements/00_content.ipynb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@
    "source": [
     "These addresses are *not* meaningful for anything other than checking if two variables reference the *same* object.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Obviously, `a` and `b`  have the same *value* as revealed by the **equality operator** `==`: We say `a` and `b` \"evaluate equal.\" The resulting `True` - and the `False` further below - is yet another data type, a so-called **boolean**. We look into them in [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#Boolean-Expressions)."
+    "Obviously, `a` and `b`  have the same *value* as revealed by the **equality operator** `==`: We say `a` and `b` \"evaluate equal.\" The resulting `True` - and the `False` further below - is yet another data type, a so-called **boolean**. We look into them in [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#Boolean-Expressions)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@
    "source": [
     "Different types imply different behaviors for the objects. The `b` object, for example, may be \"asked\" if it is a whole number with the [is_integer() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#float.is_integer) \"functionality\" that comes with *every* `float` object.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Formally, we call such type-specific functionalities **methods** (i.e., as opposed to functions) and we look at them in detail in [Chapter 10 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_10_classes/00_content.ipynb). For now, it suffices to know that we access them with the **dot operator** `.` on the object. Of course, `b` is a whole number, which the boolean object `True` tells us."
+    "Formally, we call such type-specific functionalities **methods** (i.e., as opposed to functions) and we look at them in detail in [Chapter 10 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/10_classes/00_content.ipynb). For now, it suffices to know that we access them with the **dot operator** `.` on the object. Of course, `b` is a whole number, which the boolean object `True` tells us."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1934,7 +1934,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "For example, while the above code to calculate the average of the even numbers in `[7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]` is correct, a Pythonista would rewrite it in a more \"Pythonic\" way and use the built-in [sum() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sum) and [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len) functions (cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Built-in-Functions)) as well as a so-called **list comprehension** (cf., [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#List-Comprehensions)). Pythonic code runs faster in many cases and is less error-prone."
+    "For example, while the above code to calculate the average of the even numbers in `[7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]` is correct, a Pythonista would rewrite it in a more \"Pythonic\" way and use the built-in [sum() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sum) and [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len) functions (cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Built-in-Functions)) as well as a so-called **list comprehension** (cf., [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#List-Comprehensions)). Pythonic code runs faster in many cases and is less error-prone."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -2136,7 +2136,7 @@
     "\n",
     "At the same time, for a beginner's course, it is often easier to code linearly.\n",
     "\n",
-    "In real data science projects, one would probably employ a mixed approach and put reusable code into so-called Python modules (i.e., *.py* files; cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Local-Modules-and-Packages)) and then use Jupyter notebooks to build up a linear report or storyline for an analysis."
+    "In real data science projects, one would probably employ a mixed approach and put reusable code into so-called Python modules (i.e., *.py* files; cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Local-Modules-and-Packages)) and then use Jupyter notebooks to build up a linear report or storyline for an analysis."
    ]
   }
  ],

01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Coding Exercises)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 1.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Printing Output"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q1**: *Concatenate* `greeting` and `audience` below with the `+` operator and print out the resulting message `\"Hello World\"` with only *one* call of the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint: You may have to \"add\" a space character in between `greeting` and `audience`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "greeting = \"Hello\"\n",
+    "audience = \"World\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q2**: How is your answer to **Q1** an example of the concept of **operator overloading**?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q3**: Read the documentation on the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function! How can you print the above message *without* concatenating `greeting` and `audience` first in *one* call of [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print)?\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint: The `*objects` in the documentation implies that we can put several *expressions* (i.e., variables) separated by commas within the same call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q4**: What does the `sep=\" \"` mean in the documentation on the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function? Adjust and use it to print out the three names referenced by `first`, `second`, and `third` on *one* line separated by *commas* with only *one* call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "first = \"Anthony\"\n",
+    "second = \"Berta\"\n",
+    "third = \"Christian\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q5**: Lastly, what does the `end=\"\\n\"` mean in the documentation? Adjust and use it within the `for`-loop to print the numbers `1` through `10` on *one* line with only *one* call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]:\n",
+    "    print(...)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {},
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}

01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Coding Exercises)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 1.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Simple `for`-loops"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`for`-loops are extremely versatile in Python. That is different from many other programming languages.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "As shown in the first example in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List), we can create a `list` like `numbers` and loop over the numbers in it on a one-by-one basis."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "numbers = [7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q1**: Fill in the *condition* of the `if` statement such that only numbers divisible by `3` are printed! Adjust the call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function such that the `for`-loop prints out all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in numbers:\n",
+    "    if ...:\n",
+    "        print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Instead of looping over an *existing* object referenced by a variable like `numbers`, we may also create a *new* object within the `for` statement and loop over it directly. For example, below we write out the `list` object as a *literal*.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Generically, the objects contained in a `list` objects are referred to as its **elements**. We reflect that in the name of the *target* variable `element` that is assigned a different number in every iteration of the `for`-loop. While we could use *any* syntactically valid name, it is best to choose one that makes sense in the context (e.g., `number` in `numbers`).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q2**: Fill in the condition of the `if` statement such that only numbers consisting of *one* digit are printed out! As before, print out all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for element in [7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]:\n",
+    "    if ...:\n",
+    "        print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "An easy way to loop over a `list` object in a sorted manner, is to wrap it with the built-in [sorted() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sorted) function.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q3**: Fill in the condition of the `if` statement such that only odd numbers are printed out! Put all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in sorted(numbers):\n",
+    "    if ...:\n",
+    "        print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Whenever we want to loop over numbers representing a [series <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_%28mathematics%29) in the mathematical sense (i.e., a rule to calculate the next number from its predecessor), we may be able to use the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, to loop over the whole numbers from `0` to `9` (both including) in order, we could write them out in a `list` like below.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q4**: Fill in the call to the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function such that all the numbers are printed on *one* line ouf output!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:\n",
+    "    print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q5**: Read the documentation on the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in! It may be used with either one, two, or three expressions \"passed\" in. What do `start`, `stop`, and `step` mean? Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to mimic the output of **Q4**!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in range(...):\n",
+    "    print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q6**: Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to print out *all* numbers from `1` to `10` (both including)!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in range(...):\n",
+    "    print(...)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q7**: Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to print out the *even* numbers from `1` to `10` (both including)! Do *not* use an `if` statement to accomplish this!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in range(...):\n",
+    "    print(...)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {},
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}

01_elements/03_content.ipynb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Part 2)"
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (continued)"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Some variables magically exist when a Python process is started or are added by Jupyter. We may safely ignore the former until [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb) and the latter for good."
+    "Some variables magically exist when a Python process is started or are added by Jupyter. We may safely ignore the former until [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb) and the latter for good."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Variables with leading and trailing double underscores, referred to as **dunder** in Python jargon, are used for built-in functionalities and to implement object-oriented features as we see in [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb). We must *not* use this style for variables!"
+    "Variables with leading and trailing double underscores, referred to as **dunder** in Python jargon, are used for built-in functionalities and to implement object-oriented features as we see in [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb). We must *not* use this style for variables!"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@
    "source": [
     "Let's change the first element of `x`.\n",
     "\n",
-    "[Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#The-list-Type) discusses lists in more depth. For now, let's view a `list` object as some sort of **container** that holds an arbitrary number of references to other objects and treat the brackets `[]` attached to it as yet another operator, namely the **indexing operator**. So, `x[0]` instructs Python to first follow the reference from the global list of all names to the `x` object. Then, it follows the first reference it finds there to the `1` object we put in the list. The indexing operator must be an operator as we merely *read* the first element and do not change anything in memory permanently.\n",
+    "[Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#The-list-Type) discusses lists in more depth. For now, let's view a `list` object as some sort of **container** that holds an arbitrary number of references to other objects and treat the brackets `[]` attached to it as yet another operator, namely the **indexing operator**. So, `x[0]` instructs Python to first follow the reference from the global list of all names to the `x` object. Then, it follows the first reference it finds there to the `1` object we put in the list. The indexing operator must be an operator as we merely *read* the first element and do not change anything in memory permanently.\n",
     "\n",
     "Python **begins counting at 0**. This is not the case for many other languages, for example, [MATLAB <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB), [R <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%28programming_language%29), or [Stata <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stata). To understand why this makes sense, see this short [note](https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD08xx/EWD831.html) by one of the all-time greats in computer science, the late [Edsger Dijkstra <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra)."
    ]
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
     "\n",
     "In simple words, anything that may be used on the *right-hand* side of an assignment statement without creating a `SyntaxError` is an expression.\n",
     "\n",
-    "What we have said about *individual* operators before, namely that they have *no* permanent side effects in memory, actually belongs here, to begin with: The absence of any *permanent* side effects is the characteristic property of expressions, and all the code cells in the \"*(Arithmetic) Operators*\" section in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Arithmetic%29-Operators) of this chapter are examples of expressions.\n",
+    "What we have said about *individual* operators before, namely that they have *no* permanent side effects in memory, actually belongs here, to begin with: The absence of any *permanent* side effects is the characteristic property of expressions, and all the code cells in the \"*(Arithmetic) Operators*\" section in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Arithmetic%29-Operators) of this chapter are examples of expressions.\n",
     "\n",
     "The simplest possible expressions contain only one variable or literal. The output below a code cell is Jupyter's way of returning the reference to the object to us!\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1406,7 +1406,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "... calling the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function does *neither* change the memory *nor* evaluate to an object (disregarding the `None` object explained in [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Function-Definitions)). We could view changing the computer's screen as a side effect but this is outside of Python's memory!\n",
+    "... calling the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function does *neither* change the memory *nor* evaluate to an object (disregarding the `None` object explained in [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb#Function-Definitions)). We could view changing the computer's screen as a side effect but this is outside of Python's memory!\n",
     "\n",
     "Also, the cell below has *no* output! It only looks like it does as Jupyter redirects whatever [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) writes to the \"screen\" to below a cell. We see a difference to the expressions above in that there are no brackets `[...]` next to the output showing the execution count number."
    ]

01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb

@@ -4,28 +4,21 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/03_exercises.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Part 2)"
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Coding Exercises)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Coding Exercises"
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb) Chapter 1.\n",
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The exercises below assume that you have read the second part of [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb).\n",
     "\n",
     "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
    ]
@@ -34,7 +27,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### Python as a Calculator"
+    "## Python as a Calculator"
    ]
   },
   {

01_elements/05_summary.ipynb

@@ -8,19 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "\n",
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (TL;DR)"
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "skip"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "## TL;DR"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -57,7 +45,7 @@
     "  - distinct and well-contained areas/parts of the memory that hold the actual data\n",
     "  - the concept by which Python manages the memory for us\n",
     "  - can be classified into objects of the same **type** (i.e., same abstract \"structure\" but different concrete data)\n",
-    "  - built-in objects (incl. **literals**) vs. user-defined objects (cf., [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb))\n",
+    "  - built-in objects (incl. **literals**) vs. user-defined objects (cf., [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb))\n",
     "  - e.g., `1`, `1.0`, and `\"one\"` are three different objects of distinct types that are also literals (i.e., by the way we type them into the command line Python knows what the value and type are)\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
@@ -92,14 +80,14 @@
     "  - ignored by Python\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
-    "- functions (cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb))\n",
+    "- functions (cf., [Chapter 2 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb))\n",
     "  - named sequences of instructions\n",
     "  - the smaller parts in a larger program\n",
     "  - make a program more modular and thus easier to understand\n",
     "  - include [built-in functions <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html) like [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print), [sum() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sum), or [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len)\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
-    "- flow control (cf., [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb) and [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_04_iteration/00_content.ipynb))\n",
+    "- flow control (cf., [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb) and [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb))\n",
     "  - expression of **business logic** or an **algorithm**\n",
     "  - conditional execution of parts of a program (e.g., `if` statements)\n",
     "  - repetitive execution of parts of a program (e.g., `for`-loops)"

01_elements/06_review.ipynb

@@ -4,21 +4,14 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program"
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Review Questions)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Content Review"
+    "The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb) and the [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 1.\n",
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb) and the [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 1.\n",
     "\n",
     "Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence."
    ]
@@ -27,7 +20,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### Essay Questions "
+    "## Essay Questions "
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -118,7 +111,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### True / False Questions"
+    "## True / False Questions"
    ]
   },
   {

01_elements/07_resources.ipynb

@@ -8,19 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "\n",
+    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program (Further Resources)"
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "skip"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "## Further Resources"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -58,7 +46,7 @@
        "        "
       ],
       "text/plain": [
-       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7fa2fc050d60>"
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7ff1446acd30>"
       ]
      },
      "execution_count": 1,

02_functions/00_content.ipynb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "In [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List), we simply typed the code to calculate the average of the even numbers in a list of whole numbers into several code cells. Then, we executed them one after another. We had no way of *reusing* the code except for either executing cells multiple times. And, whenever we find ourselves doing repetitive manual work, we can be sure that there must be a way of automating what we are doing.\n",
+    "In [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List), we simply typed the code to calculate the average of the even numbers in a list of whole numbers into several code cells. Then, we executed them one after another. We had no way of *reusing* the code except for either executing cells multiple times. And, whenever we find ourselves doing repetitive manual work, we can be sure that there must be a way of automating what we are doing.\n",
     "\n",
     "This chapter shows how Python offers language constructs that let us **define** functions ourselves that we may then **call** just like the built-in ones. Also, we look at how we can extend our Python installation with functionalities written by other people."
    ]
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "To execute a function, we **call** it with the **call operator** `()` as shown many times in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb) and above.\n",
+    "To execute a function, we **call** it with the **call operator** `()` as shown many times in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb) and above.\n",
     "\n",
     "If we are unsure whether a variable references a function or not, we can verify that with the built-in [callable() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#callable) function.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Notice the subtle difference compared to the behavior of the `//` operator in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb##%28Arithmetic#%29-Operators) that \"rounds\" towards minus infinity: [int() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int) always \"rounds\" towards `0`."
+    "Notice the subtle difference compared to the behavior of the `//` operator in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb##%28Arithmetic#%29-Operators) that \"rounds\" towards minus infinity: [int() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int) always \"rounds\" towards `0`."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "We may create so-called *user-defined* **functions** with the `def` statement (cf., [reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions)). To extend an already familiar example, we reuse the introductory example from [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Best-Practices) in its final Pythonic version and transform it into the function `average_evens()` below. We replace the variable name `numbers` with `integers` for didactical purposes in the first couple of examples.\n",
+    "We may create so-called *user-defined* **functions** with the `def` statement (cf., [reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions)). To extend an already familiar example, we reuse the introductory example from [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Best-Practices) in its final Pythonic version and transform it into the function `average_evens()` below. We replace the variable name `numbers` with `integers` for didactical purposes in the first couple of examples.\n",
     "\n",
     "A function's **name** must be chosen according to the same naming rules as ordinary variables since Python manages function names like variables. In this book, we further adopt the convention of ending function names with parentheses `()` in text cells for faster comprehension when reading (i.e., `average_evens()` vs. `average_evens`). These are *not* part of the name but must always be written out in the `def` statement for syntactic reasons.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@
     "\n",
     "A function may specify an *explicit* **return value** (i.e., \"result\" or \"output\") with the `return` statement (cf., [reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement)): Functions that have one are considered **fruitful**; otherwise, they are **void**. Functions of the latter kind are still useful because of their **side effects**. For example, the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function changes what we see on the screen. Strictly speaking, [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) and other void functions also have an *implicit* return value, namely the `None` object.\n",
     "\n",
-    "A function should define a **docstring** that describes what it does in a short subject line, what parameters it expects (i.e., their types), and what it returns, if anything. A docstring is a syntactically valid multi-line string (i.e., type `str`) defined within **triple-double quotes** `\"\"\"`. Strings are covered in depth in [Chapter 6 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_06_text/00_content.ipynb#The-str-Type). Widely adopted standards for docstrings are [PEP 257 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/) and section 3.8 of [Google's Python Style Guide <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/pyguide.md)."
+    "A function should define a **docstring** that describes what it does in a short subject line, what parameters it expects (i.e., their types), and what it returns, if anything. A docstring is a syntactically valid multi-line string (i.e., type `str`) defined within **triple-double quotes** `\"\"\"`. Strings are covered in depth in [Chapter 6 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/00_content.ipynb#The-str-Type). Widely adopted standards for docstrings are [PEP 257 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/) and section 3.8 of [Google's Python Style Guide <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/pyguide.md)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@
    "source": [
     "Its value may seem awkward at first: It consists of a location showing where the function is defined (i.e., `__main__` here, which is Python's way of saying \"in this notebook\") and the signature wrapped inside angle brackets `<` and `>`.\n",
     " \n",
-    "The angle brackets are a convention to indicate that the value may *not* be used as a *literal* (i.e., typed back into another code cell). [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb) introduces the concept of a **text representation** of an object, which is related to the *semantic* meaning of an object's value as discussed in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Value-/-\"Meaning\"), and the angle brackets convention is one such way to represent an object as text. When executed, the angle brackets cause a `SyntaxError` because Python expects the `<` operator to come with an operand on both sides (cf., [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#Relational-Operators))."
+    "The angle brackets are a convention to indicate that the value may *not* be used as a *literal* (i.e., typed back into another code cell). [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb) introduces the concept of a **text representation** of an object, which is related to the *semantic* meaning of an object's value as discussed in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Value-/-\"Meaning\"), and the angle brackets convention is one such way to represent an object as text. When executed, the angle brackets cause a `SyntaxError` because Python expects the `<` operator to come with an operand on both sides (cf., [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#Relational-Operators))."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@
        "\n",
        "Returns:\n",
        "    average (float)\n",
-       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/repos/intro-to-python/chapter_02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n",
+       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n",
        "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m      function\n"
       ]
      },
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@
        "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mintegers\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m%\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
        "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
-       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/repos/intro-to-python/chapter_02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n",
+       "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m      ~/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n",
        "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m      function\n"
       ]
      },
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@
    "source": [
     "[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_wrong%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_wrong%28%5B123,%20456,%20789%5D%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) is again helpful at visualizing the error interactively: Creating the `list` object `evens` eventually references takes *16* computational steps, namely two for managing the list comprehension, one for setting up an empty `list` object, *twelve* for filling it with elements derived from `numbers` in the global scope (i.e., that is the error), and one to make `evens` reference it (cf., steps 6-21).\n",
     "\n",
-    "The frames logic shown by PythonTutor is the mechanism with which Python not only manages the names inside *one* function call but also for *many* potentially *simultaneous* calls, as revealed in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_04_iteration/00_content.ipynb#Trivial-Example:-Countdown). It is the reason why we may reuse the same names for the parameters and variables inside both `average_evens()` and `average_wrong()` without Python mixing them up. So, as we already read in the [Zen of Python <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/), \"namespaces are one honking great idea\" (cf., `import this`), and a frame is just a special kind of namespace."
+    "The frames logic shown by PythonTutor is the mechanism with which Python not only manages the names inside *one* function call but also for *many* potentially *simultaneous* calls, as revealed in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb#Trivial-Example:-Countdown). It is the reason why we may reuse the same names for the parameters and variables inside both `average_evens()` and `average_wrong()` without Python mixing them up. So, as we already read in the [Zen of Python <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/), \"namespaces are one honking great idea\" (cf., `import this`), and a frame is just a special kind of namespace."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -2021,7 +2021,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "So far, we have specified only one parameter in each of our user-defined functions. In [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Arithmetic%29-Operators), however, we saw the built-in [divmod() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#divmod) function take two arguments. And, the order in which they are passed in matters! Whenever we call a function and list its arguments in a comma separated manner, we say that we pass in the arguments *by position* or refer to them as **positional arguments**."
+    "So far, we have specified only one parameter in each of our user-defined functions. In [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Arithmetic%29-Operators), however, we saw the built-in [divmod() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#divmod) function take two arguments. And, the order in which they are passed in matters! Whenever we call a function and list its arguments in a comma separated manner, we say that we pass in the arguments *by position* or refer to them as **positional arguments**."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -3012,7 +3012,7 @@
    "source": [
     "The main point of having functions without a reference to them is to use them in a situation where we know ahead of time that we use the function only *once*.\n",
     "\n",
-    "Popular applications of lambda expressions occur in combination with the **map-filter-reduce** paradigm (cf., [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#Lambda-Expressions))."
+    "Popular applications of lambda expressions occur in combination with the **map-filter-reduce** paradigm (cf., [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#Lambda-Expressions))."
    ]
   }
  ],

02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb

@@ -4,28 +4,21 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization"
+    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization (Coding Exercises)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Coding Exercises"
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 2.\n",
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 2.\n",
     "\n",
     "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
    ]
@@ -34,7 +27,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### Volume of a Sphere"
+    "## Volume of a Sphere"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -45,7 +38,7 @@
     "\n",
     "Hints:\n",
     "- use an appropriate approximation for $\\pi$\n",
-    "- you may use the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) to do so if you have already looked at the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/02_content.ipynb) of Chapter 2."
+    "- you may use the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) to do so if you have already looked at the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/02_content.ipynb) of Chapter 2."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -57,15 +50,6 @@
     "import ...  # you may drop this cell and use your own approximation for Pi"
    ]
   },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "r = ..."
-   ]
-  },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
    "execution_count": null,

02_functions/02_content.ipynb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/02_content.ipynb)."
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization (Part 2)"
+    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization (continued)"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -32,28 +32,8 @@
    "source": [
     "So far, we have only used what we refer to as **core** Python in this book. By this, we mean all the syntactical rules as specified in the [language reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/) and a minimal set of about 50 built-in [functions <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html). With this, we could already implement any algorithm or business logic we can think of!\n",
     "\n",
-    "However, after our first couple of programs, we would already start seeing recurring patterns in the code we write. In other words, we would constantly be \"reinventing the wheel\" in each new project."
+    "However, after our first couple of programs, we would already start seeing recurring patterns in the code we write. In other words, we would constantly be \"reinventing the wheel\" in each new project.\n",
-   ]
+    "\n",
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "slide"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "## Extending Core Python"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "skip"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
     "Would it not be smarter to pull out the reusable components from our programs and put them into some project independent **library** of generically useful functionalities? Then we would only need a way of including these **utilities** in our projects.\n",
     "\n",
     "As all programmers across all languages face this very same issue, most programming languages come with a so-called **[standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library)** that provides utilities to accomplish everyday tasks without much code. Examples are making an HTTP request to some website, open and read popular file types (e.g., CSV or Excel files), do something on a computer's file system, and many more."
@@ -67,7 +47,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "### The Standard Library"
+    "## The Standard Library"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -95,7 +75,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "#### [math <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html) Module"
+    "### [math <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html) Module"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -448,7 +428,7 @@
    "source": [
     "Observe how the arguments passed to functions do not need to be just variables or simple literals. Instead, we may pass in any *expression* that evaluates to a *new* object of the type the function expects.\n",
     "\n",
-    "So just as a reminder from the expression vs. statement discussion in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb#Expressions): An expression is *any* syntactically correct combination of variables and literals with operators. And the call operator `()` is yet another operator. So both of the next two code cells are just expressions! They have no permanent side effects in memory. We may execute them as often as we want *without* changing the state of the program (i.e., this Jupyter notebook).\n",
+    "So just as a reminder from the expression vs. statement discussion in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Expressions): An expression is *any* syntactically correct combination of variables and literals with operators. And the call operator `()` is yet another operator. So both of the next two code cells are just expressions! They have no permanent side effects in memory. We may execute them as often as we want *without* changing the state of the program (i.e., this Jupyter notebook).\n",
     "\n",
     "So, regarding the very next cell in particular: Although the `2 ** 2` creates a *new* object `4` in memory that is then immediately passed into the [math.sqrt() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.sqrt) function, once that function call returns, \"all is lost\" and the newly created `4` object is forgotten again, as well as the return value of [math.sqrt() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.sqrt)."
    ]
@@ -570,7 +550,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "#### [random <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html) Module"
+    "### [random <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html) Module"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -629,7 +609,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Besides the usual dunder-style attributes, the built-in [dir() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#dir) function lists some attributes in an upper case naming convention and many others starting with a *single* underscore `_`. To understand the former, we must wait until [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb), while the latter is explained further below."
+    "Besides the usual dunder-style attributes, the built-in [dir() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#dir) function lists some attributes in an upper case naming convention and many others starting with a *single* underscore `_`. To understand the former, we must wait until [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb), while the latter is explained further below."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -992,7 +972,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "### Third-party Packages"
+    "## Third-party Packages"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1020,7 +1000,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "#### [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) Library"
+    "### [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) Library"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1033,7 +1013,7 @@
    "source": [
     "[numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) is the de-facto standard in the Python world for handling **array-like** data. That is a fancy word for data that can be put into a matrix or vector format.\n",
     "\n",
-    "As [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) is *not* in the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html), it must be *manually* installed, for example, with the [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/) tool. As mentioned in [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb#Markdown-Cells-vs.-Code-Cells), to execute terminal commands from within a Jupyter notebook, we start a code cell with an exclamation mark.\n",
+    "As [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) is *not* in the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html), it must be *manually* installed, for example, with the [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/) tool. As mentioned in [Chapter 0 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb#Markdown-Cells-vs.-Code-Cells), to execute terminal commands from within a Jupyter notebook, we start a code cell with an exclamation mark.\n",
     "\n",
     "If you are running this notebook with an installation of the [Anaconda Distribution](https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/), then [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/) is probably already installed. Running the cell below confirms that."
    ]
@@ -1327,7 +1307,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "### Local Modules and Packages"
+    "## Local Modules and Packages"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1338,7 +1318,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "For sure, we can create local modules and packages. In the Chapter 2 directory, there is a [*sample_module.py* <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/sample_module.py) file that contains, among others, a function equivalent to the final version of `average_evens()`. To be realistic, this sample module is structured in a modular manner with several functions building on each other. It is best to skim over it *now* before reading on.\n",
+    "For sure, we can create local modules and packages. In the Chapter 2 directory, there is a [*sample_module.py* <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/sample_module.py) file that contains, among others, a function equivalent to the final version of `average_evens()`. To be realistic, this sample module is structured in a modular manner with several functions building on each other. It is best to skim over it *now* before reading on.\n",
     "\n",
     "To make code we put into a *.py* file available in our program, we import it as a module just as we did above with modules in the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) or third-party packages.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1358,7 +1338,7 @@
      "name": "stdout",
      "output_type": "stream",
      "text": [
-      "/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/chapter_02_functions\n"
+      "/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions\n"
      ]
     }
    ],
@@ -1404,7 +1384,7 @@
     {
      "data": {
       "text/plain": [
-       "<module 'sample_module' from '/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/chapter_02_functions/sample_module.py'>"
+       "<module 'sample_module' from '/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/sample_module.py'>"
       ]
      },
      "execution_count": 41,
@@ -1424,7 +1404,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Disregarding the dunder-style attributes, `mod` defines the attributes `_round_all`, `_scaled_average`, `average`, `average_evens`, and `average_odds`, which are exactly the ones we would expect from reading the [*sample_module.py* <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/sample_module.py) file.\n",
+    "Disregarding the dunder-style attributes, `mod` defines the attributes `_round_all`, `_scaled_average`, `average`, `average_evens`, and `average_odds`, which are exactly the ones we would expect from reading the [*sample_module.py* <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/sample_module.py) file.\n",
     "\n",
     "A convention when working with imported code is to *disregard* any attributes starting with a single underscore `_`. These are considered **private** and constitute **implementation details** the author of the imported code might change in a future version of his software. We *must not* rely on them in any way.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -1475,7 +1455,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "We use the imported `mod.average_evens()` just like `average_evens()` defined in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb) of this chapter. The advantage we get from **modularization** with *.py* files is that we can now easily reuse functions across different Jupyter notebooks without redefining them again and again. Also, we can \"source out\" code that distracts from the storyline told in a notebook."
+    "We use the imported `mod.average_evens()` just like `average_evens()` defined in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb) of this chapter. The advantage we get from **modularization** with *.py* files is that we can now easily reuse functions across different Jupyter notebooks without redefining them again and again. Also, we can \"source out\" code that distracts from the storyline told in a notebook."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -1591,7 +1571,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Packages are a generalization of modules, and we look at one in detail in [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_11_classes/00_content.ipynb). You may, however, already look at a [sample package <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/tree/develop/chapter_11_classes/sample_package) in the repository, which is nothing but a folder with *.py* files in it.\n",
+    "Packages are a generalization of modules, and we look at one in detail in [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb). You may, however, already look at a [sample package <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_gh.png\">](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python/tree/develop/11_classes/sample_package) in the repository, which is nothing but a folder with *.py* files in it.\n",
     "\n",
     "As a further reading on modules and packages, we refer to the [official tutorial <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html)."
    ]

02_functions/03_summary.ipynb

@@ -8,18 +8,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization"
+    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization (TL;DR)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "skip"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "## TL;DR"
    ]
   },
   {

02_functions/04_review.ipynb

@@ -4,21 +4,14 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization"
+    "# Chapter 2: Functions & Modularization (Review Questions)"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "## Content Review"
+    "The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb) and the [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/02_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 2.\n",
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb) and the [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/02_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 2.\n",
     "\n",
     "Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence."
    ]
@@ -27,7 +20,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### Essay Questions "
+    "## Essay Questions "
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -132,7 +125,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
    "source": [
-    "### True / False Questions"
+    "## True / False Questions"
    ]
   },
   {

README.md

@@ -15,60 +15,62 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
     or interactively (i.e., code can be executed) on [Binder <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab).
 
 - *Chapter 0*: Introduction
-  - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
+  - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
-    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
+    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
     (Python's History & Background;
      Open-source & Communities;
      JupyterLab;
      Programming vs. Computer Science;
      Learning Tips)
-  - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
+  - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
-    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
+    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
     (Mastering Markdown)
-  - [review <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_00_intro/02_review.ipynb)
+  - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/02_review.ipynb)
 - **Part A: Expressing Logic**
   - *Chapter 1*: Elements of a Program
-    - [content 1 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
       (A first Example: Averaging Even Numbers;
        Operators;
        Objects & Data Types;
        Errors)
-    - [exercises 1 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Printing Output;
+      (Printing Output)
-       Simple `for`-loops)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
-    - [content 2 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/02_content.ipynb)
+      (Simple `for`-loops)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
       (Memory in Detail;
        Variables & References;
        Mutability;
        Expressions & Statements)
-    - [exercises 2 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/03_exercises.ipynb)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/03_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/03_exercises.ipynb)
       (Python as a Calculator)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/04_summary.ipynb)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/04_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/05_review.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/05_review.ipynb)
-    - [resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/06_resources.ipynb)
+    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/06_resources.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/06_resources.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/06_resources.ipynb)
   - *Chapter 2*: Functions & Modularization
-    - [content 1 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
       (Built-in Functions & Constructors;
        Function Definitions;
        Function Calls & Scoping Rules;
        Positional vs. Keyword Arguments;
        Modularization)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
       (Volume of a Sphere)
-    - [content 2 <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
       (Standard Library: `math` & `random` Modules;
        Third-party Packages: `numpy` Library;
        Writing one's own Modules)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/03_summary.ipynb)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/03_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_02_functions/04_review.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/04_review.ipynb)
 
 
 #### Videos

chapter_01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb

@@ -1,336 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/chapter_01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Coding Exercises"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "The exercises below assume that you have read the first part of [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### **Q1**: Printing Output"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q1.1**: *Concatenate* `greeting` and `audience` below with the `+` operator and print out the resulting message `\"Hello World\"` with only *one* call of the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Hint: You may have to \"add\" a space character in between `greeting` and `audience`."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "greeting = \"Hello\"\n",
-    "audience = \"World\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q1.2**: How is your answer to **Q1.1** an example of the concept of **operator overloading**?"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    " < your answer >"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q1.3**: Read the documentation on the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function! How can you print the above message *without* concatenating `greeting` and `audience` first in *one* call of [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print)?\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Hint: The `*objects` in the documentation implies that we can put several *expressions* (i.e., variables) separated by commas within the same call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q1.4**: What does the `sep=\" \"` mean in the documentation on the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function? Adjust and use it to print out the three names referenced by `first`, `second`, and `third` on *one* line separated by *commas* with only *one* call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "first = \"Anthony\"\n",
-    "second = \"Berta\"\n",
-    "third = \"Christian\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q1.5**: Lastly, what does the `end=\"\\n\"` mean in the documentation? Adjust and use it within the `for`-loop to print the numbers `1` through `10` on *one* line with only *one* call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]:\n",
-    "    print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### **Q2**: Simple `for`-loops"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`for`-loops are extremely versatile in Python. That is different from many other programming languages.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "As shown in the first example in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/chapter_01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List), we can create a `list` like `numbers` and loop over the numbers in it on a one-by-one basis."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "numbers = [7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q2.1**: Fill in the *condition* of the `if` statement such that only numbers divisible by `3` are printed! Adjust the call of the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function such that the `for`-loop prints out all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in numbers:\n",
-    "    if ...:\n",
-    "        print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Instead of looping over an *existing* object referenced by a variable like `numbers`, we may also create a *new* object within the `for` statement and loop over it directly. For example, below we write out the `list` object as a *literal*.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Generically, the objects contained in a `list` objects are referred to as its **elements**. We reflect that in the name of the *target* variable `element` that is assigned a different number in every iteration of the `for`-loop. While we could use *any* syntactically valid name, it is best to choose one that makes sense in the context (e.g., `number` in `numbers`).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Q2.2**: Fill in the condition of the `if` statement such that only numbers consisting of *one* digit are printed out! As before, print out all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for element in [7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]:\n",
-    "    if ...:\n",
-    "        print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "An easy way to loop over a `list` object in a sorted manner, is to wrap it with the built-in [sorted() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#sorted) function.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Q2.3**: Fill in the condition of the `if` statement such that only odd numbers are printed out! Put all the numbers on *one* line of output!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in sorted(numbers):\n",
-    "    if ...:\n",
-    "        print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Whenever we want to loop over numbers representing a [series <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_%28mathematics%29) in the mathematical sense (i.e., a rule to calculate the next number from its predecessor), we may be able to use the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "For example, to loop over the whole numbers from `0` to `9` (both including) in order, we could write them out in a `list` like below.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Q2.4**: Fill in the call to the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function such that all the numbers are printed on *one* line ouf output!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]:\n",
-    "    print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q2.5**: Read the documentation on the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in! It may be used with either one, two, or three expressions \"passed\" in. What do `start`, `stop`, and `step` mean? Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to mimic the output of **Q2.4**!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in range(...):\n",
-    "    print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q2.6**: Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to print out *all* numbers from `1` to `10` (both including)!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in range(...):\n",
-    "    print(...)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "**Q2.7**: Fill in the calls to [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) and [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) to print out the *even* numbers from `1` to `10` (both including)! Do *not* use an `if` statement to accomplish this!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for number in range(...):\n",
-    "    print(...)"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.8.6"
-  },
-  "toc": {
-   "base_numbering": 1,
-   "nav_menu": {},
-   "number_sections": false,
-   "sideBar": true,
-   "skip_h1_title": true,
-   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
-   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
-   "toc_cell": false,
-   "toc_position": {},
-   "toc_section_display": false,
-   "toc_window_display": false
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 4
-}