From 33f27da161bf6fccf3383e41df3bdaa73f9f8a33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2020 16:51:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/8] Fix missing static files for chapter 05

---
 05_numbers/static/complex_numbers.png | Bin 0 -> 22878 bytes
 05_numbers/static/floating_point.png  | Bin 0 -> 15371 bytes
 05_numbers/static/numbers.png         | Bin 0 -> 90958 bytes
 3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 05_numbers/static/complex_numbers.png
 create mode 100644 05_numbers/static/floating_point.png
 create mode 100644 05_numbers/static/numbers.png

diff --git a/05_numbers/static/complex_numbers.png b/05_numbers/static/complex_numbers.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..807eb4647d1136f67c673fd2b81c74d3f813e08c
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HcmV?d00001


From 5eda6e8acfb72d0ef22ee6b4b42f3c548920960b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:00:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/8] Add initial version of chapter 06

---
 00_intro/00_content.ipynb |    2 +-
 06_text/00_content.ipynb  | 3970 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 06_text/lorem_ipsum.txt   |    6 +
 README.md                 |    9 +
 4 files changed, 3986 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 06_text/00_content.ipynb
 create mode 100644 06_text/lorem_ipsum.txt

diff --git a/00_intro/00_content.ipynb b/00_intro/00_content.ipynb
index d3e1fae..de293c8 100644
--- a/00_intro/00_content.ipynb
+++ b/00_intro/00_content.ipynb
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@
     "\n",
     "- How is data stored in memory?\n",
     "  - *Chapter 5*: [Numbers & Bits <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb)\n",
-    "  - *Chapter 6*: Text & Bytes\n",
+    "  - *Chapter 6*: [Text & Bytes <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/00_content.ipynb)\n",
     "  - *Chapter 7*: Sequential Data\n",
     "  - *Chapter 8*: Map, Filter, & Reduce\n",
     "  - *Chapter 9*: Mappings & Sets\n",
diff --git a/06_text/00_content.ipynb b/06_text/00_content.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c9fff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/00_content.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,3970 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/00_content.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In this chapter, we continue the study of the built-in data types. The next layer on top of numbers consists of **textual data** that are modeled primarily with the `str` type in Python. `str` objects are more complex than the numeric objects in [Chapter 5 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb) as they *consist* of an *arbitrary* and possibly large number of *individual* characters that may be chosen from *any* alphabet in the history of humankind. Luckily, Python abstracts away most of this complexity from us. However, after looking at the `str` type in great detail, we briefly introduce the `bytes` type at the end of this chapter to understand how characters are modeled in memory."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## The `str` Type"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To create a `str` object, we use the *literal* notation and type the text between enclosing **double quotes** `\"`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "text = \"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Like everything in Python, `text` is an object with an *identity*, a *type*, and a *value*."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "140667764715968"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(text)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "str"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(text)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As seen before, a `str` object evaluates to itself in a literal notation with enclosing **single quotes** `'`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Value-/-(Semantic)-\"Meaning\"), we specify the double quotes `\"` convention this book follows. Yet, single quotes `'` and double quotes `\"` are *perfect* substitutes. We could use the reverse convention, as well. As [this discussion <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_so.png\">](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56011/single-quotes-vs-double-quotes-in-python) shows, many programmers have *strong* opinions about such conventions. Consequently, the discussion was \"closed as not constructive\" by the moderators."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As the single quote `'` is often used in the English language as a shortener, we could make an argument in favor of using the double quotes `\"`: There are possibly fewer situations like the two code cells below, where we must **escape** the kind of quote used as the `str` object's delimiter with a backslash `\"\\\"` inside the text (cf., also the \"*Unicode & (Special) Characters*\" section further below). However, double quotes `\"` are often used as well, for example, to indicate a quote like the one by [Albert Einstein](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein) below. So, such arguments are not convincing.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Many proponents of the single quote `'` usage claim that double quotes `\"` cause more **visual noise** on the screen. However, this argument is also not convincing as, for example, one could claim that *two* single quotes `''` look so similar to *one* double quote `\"` that a reader may confuse an *empty* `str` object with a missing closing quote `\"`. With the double quotes `\"` convention we at least avoid such confusion (i.e., empty `str` objects are written as `\"\"`).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This discussion is an excellent example of a [flame war <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_%28Internet%29#Flame_war) in the programming world: Everyone has an opinion and the discussion leads to *no* result."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Einstein said, \"If you can\\'t explain it, you don\\'t understand it.\"'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Einstein said, \\\"If you can't explain it, you don't understand it.\\\"\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Einstein said, \"If you can\\'t explain it, you don\\'t understand it.\"'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'Einstein said, \"If you can\\'t explain it, you don\\'t understand it.\"'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "An *important* fact to know is that enclosing quotes of either kind are *not* part of the `str` object's *value*! They are merely *syntax* indicating the literal notation.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "So, printing out the sentence with the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function does the same in both cases."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Einstein said, \"If you can't explain it, you don't understand it.\"\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Einstein said, \\\"If you can't explain it, you don't understand it.\\\"\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Einstein said, \"If you can't explain it, you don't understand it.\"\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('Einstein said, \"If you can\\'t explain it, you don\\'t understand it.\"')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As an alternative to the literal notation, we may use the built-in [str() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str) constructor to cast non-`str` objects as `str` ones. As [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb) reveals, basically any object in Python has a **text representation**. Because of that we may also pass `list` objects, the boolean `True` and `False`, or `None` to [str() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'42'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(42)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'42.87'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(42.87)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'[1, 2, 3]'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str([1, 2, 3])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'True'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'False'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'None'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(None)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### User Input"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As shown in the \"*Guessing a Coin Toss*\" example in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb#Example:-Guessing-a-Coin-Toss), the built-in [input() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#input) function displays a prompt to the user and returns whatever is entered as a `str` object. [input() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#input) is in particular valuable when writing command-line tools."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdin",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Whatever you enter is put in a new string:  123\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "user_input = input(\"Whatever you enter is put in a new string: \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "str"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(user_input)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'123'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "user_input"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Reading Files"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A more common situation where we obtain `str` objects is when reading the contents of a file with the [open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) built-in. In its simplest usage form, to open a [text file <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file) file, we pass in its path (i.e., \"filename\") as a `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "file = open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "[open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) returns a **[proxy <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_pattern)** object of type `TextIOWrapper` that allows us to interact with the file on disk. `mode='r'` shows that we opened the file in read-only mode and `encoding='UTF-8'` is explained in detail in the [The `bytes` Type <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_content.ipynb#The-bytes-Type) section at the end of this chapter."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "_io.TextIOWrapper"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(file)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<_io.TextIOWrapper name='lorem_ipsum.txt' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`TextIOWrapper` objects come with plenty of type-specific methods and attributes."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 21,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.readable()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.writable()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'lorem_ipsum.txt'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.name"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'UTF-8'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.encoding"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "So far, we have not yet read anything from the file (i.e., from disk)! That is intentional as, for example, the file could contain more data than could fit into our computer's memory. Therefore, we have to explicitly instruct the `file` object to read some of or all the data in the file.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "One way to do that, is to simply loop over the `file` object with the `for` statement as shown next: In each iteration, `line` is assigned the next line in the file. Because we may loop over `TextIOWrapper` objects, they are *iterables*."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\n",
+      "\n",
+      "when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\n",
+      "\n",
+      "specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\n",
+      "\n",
+      "electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\n",
+      "\n",
+      "the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for line in file:\n",
+    "    print(line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Once we looped over the `file` object, it is **exhausted**: We can *not* loop over it a second time. So, the built-in [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function is *never* called in the code cell below!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "for line in file:\n",
+    "    print(line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "After the `for`-loop, the `line` variable is still set and references the *last* line in the file. We verify that it is indeed a `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "line"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "str"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "An *important* observation is that the `file` object is still associated with an *open* **[file descriptor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor)**. Without going into any technical details, we note that an operating system can only handle a *limited* number of \"open files\" at the same time, and, therefore, we should always *close* the file once we are done processing it.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`TextIOWrapper` objects have a `closed` attribute on them that indicates if the associated file descriptor is still open or has been closed. We can \"manually\" close any `TextIOWrapper` object with the [close() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.IOBase.close) method."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.closed"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "file.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.closed"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The more Pythonic way is to use [open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) within the compound `with` statement (cf., [reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement)): In the example below, the indented code block is said to be executed within the **context** of the `file` object that now plays the role of a **[context manager <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers)**. Many different kinds of context managers exist in Python with different applications and purposes. Context managers returned from [open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) mainly ensure that file descriptors get automatically closed after the last line in the code block is executed."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\n",
+      "\n",
+      "when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\n",
+      "\n",
+      "specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\n",
+      "\n",
+      "electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\n",
+      "\n",
+      "the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\") as file:\n",
+    "    for line in file:\n",
+    "        print(line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.closed"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Using syntax familiar from [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#The-try-Statement) to explain what the `with open(...) as file:` does above, we provide an alternative formulation with a `try` statement below: The `finally`-branch is *always* executed, even if an exception is raised inside the `for`-loop. Therefore, `file` is sure to be closed too. However, this formulation is somewhat less expressive."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\n",
+      "\n",
+      "when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\n",
+      "\n",
+      "specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\n",
+      "\n",
+      "electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\n",
+      "\n",
+      "the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    file = open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\")\n",
+    "    for line in file:\n",
+    "        print(line)\n",
+    "finally:\n",
+    "    file.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 35,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.closed"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As an alternative to reading the contents of a file by looping over a `TextIOWrapper` object, we may also call one of the methods they come with.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, the [read() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.TextIOBase.read) method takes a single `size` argument of type `int` and returns a `str` object with the specified number of characters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "file = open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem Ipsum'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.read(11)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "When we call [read() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.TextIOBase.read) again, the returned `str` object begins where the previous one left off. This is because `TextIOWrapper` objects like `file` simply store a position at which the associated file on disk is being read. In other words, `file` is like a **cursor** pointing into a file."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "' is simply '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 38,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.read(11)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "On the contrary, the [readline() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.TextIOBase.readline) method keeps reading until it hits a **newline character**. These are shown in `str` objects as `\"\\n\"`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.readline()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "When we call [readline() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.TextIOBase.readline) again, we obtain the next line."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\\n\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.readline()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Lastly, the [readlines() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.IOBase.readlines) method returns a `list` object that holds *all* lines in the `file` from the current position to the end of the file. The latter position is often abbreviated as **EOF** in the documentation. Let's always remember that [readlines() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.IOBase.readlines) has the potential to crash a computer with a `MemoryError`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\\n',\n",
+       " 'specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\\n',\n",
+       " 'electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\\n',\n",
+       " 'the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\\n']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.readlines()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Calling [readlines() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html#io.IOBase.readlines) a second time, is as pointless as looping over `file` a second time."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "file.readlines()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "file.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Because every `str` object created by reading the contents of a file in any of the ways shown in this section ends with a `\"\\n\"`, we see empty lines printed between each `line` in the `for`-loops above. To print the entire text without empty lines in between, we pass a `end=\"\"` argument to the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\n",
+      "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\n",
+      "when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\n",
+      "specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\n",
+      "electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\n",
+      "the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\") as file:\n",
+    "    for line in file:\n",
+    "        print(line, end=\"\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## A String of Characters"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A **sequence** is yet another *abstract* concept (cf., the \"*Containers vs. Iterables*\" section in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb#Containers-vs.-Iterables)).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "It unifies *four* [orthogonal <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality) (i.e., \"independent\") concepts into one bigger idea: Any data type, such as `str`, is considered a sequence if it\n",
+    "\n",
+    "1. **contains**\n",
+    "2. a **finite** number of other objects that\n",
+    "3. can be **iterated** over\n",
+    "4. in a *predictable* **order**.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "[Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#Collections-vs.-Sequences) formalizes these concepts in great detail. Here, we keep our focus on the `str` type that historically received its name as it models a **[string of characters <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_%28computer_science%29)**. *String* is simply another term for *sequence* in the computer science literature.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Another example of a sequence is the `list` type. Because of that, `str` objects may be treated like `list` objects in many situations.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Below, the built-in [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len) function tells us how many characters make up `text`. [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len) would not work with an \"infinite\" object. As anything modeled in a program must fit into a computer's finite memory, there cannot exist truly infinite objects; however, [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#Iterators-vs.-Iterables) introduces specialized iterable data types that can be used to model an *infinite* series of \"things\" and that, consequently, have no concept of \"length.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "27"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(text)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Being iterable, we may loop over `text` and do something with the individual characters, for example, print them out with extra space in between them. If it were not for the appropriately chosen name of the `text` variable, we could not tell what *concrete* type of object the `for` statement is looping over."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "L  o  r  e  m     i  p  s  u  m     d  o  l  o  r     s  i  t     a  m  e  t  .  "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for character in text:\n",
+    "    print(character, end=\"  \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "With the [reversed() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#reversed) built-in, we may loop over `text` in reversed order. Reversing `text` only works as it has a forward order to begin with."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      ".  t  e  m  a     t  i  s     r  o  l  o  d     m  u  s  p  i     m  e  r  o  L  "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for character in reversed(text):\n",
+    "    print(character, end=\"  \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Being a container, we may check if a given `str` object is contained in `text` with the `in` operator, which has *two* distinct usages: First, it checks if a *single* character is contained in a `str` object. Second, it may also check if a shorter `str` object, then called a **substring**, is contained in a longer one."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 49,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"L\" in text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"ipsum\" in text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"veni, vidi, vici\" in text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Indexing"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As `str` objects are *ordered* and *finite*, we may **index** into them to obtain individual characters with the **indexing operator** `[]`. This is analogous to how we obtained individual elements of a `list` object in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'L'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 52,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'o'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The index must be of type `int`; othewise, we get a `TypeError`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "string indices must be integers",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-54-31fb90bbe515>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtext\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: string indices must be integers"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[1.0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The last index is one less than the above \"length\" of the `str` object as we start counting at `0`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 55,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[26]  # == text[len(text) - 1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "An `IndexError` is raised whenever the index is out of range."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "IndexError",
+     "evalue": "string index out of range",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-56-ffa3e1bc2f86>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtext\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m27\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;31m# == text[len(text)]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: string index out of range"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[27]  # == text[len(text)]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "We may use *negative* indexes to start counting from the end of the `str` object, as shown in the figure below. Note how this only works because sequences are *finite*."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "|   Index   | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| 19| 20| 21| 22| 23| 24| 25| 26|\n",
+    "|:---------:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|\n",
+    "|**Reverse**|-27|-26|-25|-24|-23|-22|-21|-20|-19|-18|-17|-16|-15|-14|-13|-12|-11|-10|-9 |-8 |-7 |-6 |-5 |-4 |-3 |-2 |-1 |\n",
+    "| **Character**  |`L`|`o`|`r`|`e`|`m`|` `|`i`|`p`|`s`|`u`|`m`|` `|`d`|`o`|`l`|`o`|`r`|` `|`s`|`i`|`t`|` `|`a`|`m`|`e`|`t`|`.`|"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 57,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'L'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 58,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[-27]  # == text[-len(text)]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "One reason why programmers like to start counting at `0` is that a positive index and its *corresponding* negative index always add up to the length of the sequence. Here, `6` and `21` add to `27`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[6]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[-21]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Slicing"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A **slice** is a substring of a `str` object.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The **slicing operator** is a generalization of the indexing operator: We put one, two, or three integers within the brackets `[]`, separated by colons `:`. The three integers are then referred to as the *start*, *stop*, and *step* values.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Let's start with two integers, *start* and *stop*. Whereas the character at the *start* position is included in the returned `str` object, the one at the *stop* position is not. If both *start* and *stop* are positive, the difference \"*stop* minus *start*\" tells us how many characters the resulting slice has. So, below, `5 - 0 == 5` implies that `\"Lorem\"` consists of `5` characters. So, colloquially speaking, `text[0:5]` means \"taking the first `5 - 0 == 5` characters of `text`.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[0:5]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[12:len(text)]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "If left out, *start* defaults to `0` and *stop* to the length of the `str` object (i.e., the end)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[:5]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 64,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[12:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Not including the character at the *stop* position makes working with individual slices easier as they add up to the original `str` object again (cf., the \"*String Operations*\" section below regarding the overloaded `+` operator)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[:5] + text[5:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Slicing and indexing makes it easy to obtain shorter versions of the original `str` object. A common application would be to **parse** out meaningful substrings from raw text data."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 66,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[:11] + text[-10:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "By combining a positive *start* with a negative *stop* index, we specify both ends of the slice *relative* to the ends of the entire `str` object. So, colloquially speaking, `[6:-10]` below means \"drop the first six and last ten characters.\" The length of the resulting slice can then *not* be calculated from the indexes and depends only on the length of the original `str` object!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'ipsum dolor'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 67,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[6:-10]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "For convenience, the indexes do not need to lie within the range from `0` to `len(text)` when slicing. So, no `IndexError` is raised here."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[-999:999]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "By leaving out both *start* and *stop*, we take a \"full\" slice that is essentially a *copy* of the original `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 69,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A *step* value of `i` can be used to obtain only every `i`th character."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lrmismdlrstae.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 70,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[::2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A negative *step* size of `-1` reverses the order of the characters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'.tema tis rolod muspi meroL'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 71,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[::-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Immutability"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Whereas elements of a `list` object *may* be *re-assigned*, as shortly hinted at in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?), this is *not* allowed for the individual characters of `str` objects. Once created, they can *not* be changed. Formally, we say that `str` objects are **immutable**. In that regard, they are like the numeric types in [Chapter 5 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "On the contrary, objects that may be changed after creation, are called **mutable**. We already saw in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?) how mutable objects are more difficult to reason about for a beginner, in particular, if more than one variable references it. Yet, mutability does have its place in a programmer's toolbox, and we revisit this idea in the next chapters.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `TypeError` indicates that `str` objects are *immutable*: Assignment to an index or a slice are *not* supported."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-72-d8a1e6b0b786>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtext\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"X\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[0] = \"X\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-73-def135e84998>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtext\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"random\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text[:5] = \"random\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## String Methods"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Objects of type `str` come with many **methods** bound on them (cf., the [documentation <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods) for a full list). As seen before, they work like *normal* functions and are accessed via the **dot operator** `.`. Calling a method is also referred to as **method invocation**.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The [find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or a substring. If no match is found, it returns `-1`. A mirrored version searching from the right called [rfind() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind) exists as well. The [index() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.index) and [rindex() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rindex) methods work in the same way but raise a `ValueError` if no match is found. So, we can control if a search fails *silently* or *loudly*."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "22"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 75,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"a\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 76,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"b\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "12"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 77,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"dolor\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "[find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) takes optional *start* and *end* arguments that allow us to find occurrences other than the first one."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 78,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"o\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "13"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 79,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"o\", 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 80,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.find(\"o\", 2, 12)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The [count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) method does what we expect."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 81,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 82,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.count(\"l\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As [count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) is *case-sensitive*, we must **chain** it with the [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) method to get the count of all `\"L\"`s and `\"l\"`s."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.lower().count(\"l\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Alternatively, we can use the [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) method and search for `\"L\"`s."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.upper().count(\"L\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Because `str` objects are *immutable*, [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) return *new* `str` objects, even if they do *not* change the value of the original `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "example = \"random\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "140667840152112"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(example)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lower = example.lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "140667764453680"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 88,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(lower)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`example` and `lower` are *different* objects with the *same* value."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "example is lower"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 90,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "example == lower"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Besides [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) there exist also [title() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title) and [swapcase() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.swapcase) methods."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 92,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.upper()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.title()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'lOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 94,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.swapcase()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Another popular string method is [split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split): It separates a longer `str` object into smaller ones collected in a `list` object. By default, groups of contiguous whitespace characters are used as the *separator*.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "As an example, we use [split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) to print out the individual words in `text` with more whitespace in between them."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['Lorem', 'ipsum', 'dolor', 'sit', 'amet.']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 95,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "text.split()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem   ipsum   dolor   sit   amet.   "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for word in text.split():\n",
+    "    print(word, end=\"   \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The opposite of splitting is done with the [join() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) method. It is typically invoked on a `str` object that represents a separator (e.g., `\" \"` or `\", \"`) and connects the elements provided by an *iterable* argument (e.g., `words` below) into one *new* `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "words = [\"This\", \"will\", \"become\", \"a\", \"sentence.\"]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence = \" \".join(words)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This will become a sentence.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As the `str` object `\"abcde\"` below is an *iterable* itself, its characters (!) are joined together with a space `\" \"` in between."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'a b c d e'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 100,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\" \".join(\"abcde\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The [replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method creates a *new* `str` object with parts of the original `str` object potentially replaced."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This is a sentence.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 101,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence.replace(\"will become\", \"is\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Note how `sentence` itself remains unchanged. Bound to an immutable object, [replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) must create *new* objects."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This will become a sentence.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 102,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As seen previously, the [strip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.strip) method is often helpful in cleaning text data from unreliable sources like user input from unnecessary leading and trailing whitespace. The [lstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lstrip) and [rstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rstrip) methods are specialized versions of it."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'text with whitespace'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"  text with whitespace  \".strip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'text with whitespace  '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 104,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"  text with whitespace  \".lstrip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'  text with whitespace'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 105,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"  text with whitespace  \".rstrip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "When justifying a `str` object for output, the [ljust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.ljust) and [rjust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rjust) methods may be helpful."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 106,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This will become a sentence.            '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 106,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence.ljust(40)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'            This will become a sentence.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 107,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sentence.rjust(40)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Similarly, the [zfill() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.zfill) method can be used to pad a `str` representation of a number with leading `0`s for justified output."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 108,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0000042.87'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 108,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"42.87\".zfill(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 109,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'-000042.87'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 109,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"-42.87\".zfill(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## String Operations"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As mentioned in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Operator-Overloading), the `+` and `*` operators are *overloaded* and used for **string concatenation**. They always create *new* `str` objects. That has nothing to do with the `str` type's immutability, but is the default behavior of operators."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Lore'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 110,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Hello \" + text[:4]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum ...'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 111,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "5 * text[:12] + \"...\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### String Comparison"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The *relational* operators also work with `str` objects, another example of operator overloading. Comparison is done one character at a time in a pairwise fashion until the first pair differs or one operand ends. However, `str` objects are sorted in a \"weird\" way. For example, all upper case characters come before all lower case characters. The reason for that is given in the \"*Characters are Numbers with a Convention*\" sub-section in the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/02_content.ipynb#Characters-are-Numbers-with-a-Convention) of this chapter."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 112,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Apple\" < \"Banana\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 113,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"apple\" < \"Banana\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 114,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"apple\" < \"Banana\".lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Below is an example with typical German last names that shows how characters other than the first decide the ordering."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 115,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Mai\" < \"Maier\" < \"Mayer\" < \"Meier\" < \"Meyer\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## String Interpolation"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Often, we want to use `str` objects as drafts in the source code that are filled in with concrete text only at runtime. This approach is called **string interpolation**. There are three ways to do that in Python."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### f-strings"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "**[Formatted string literals <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals)**, of **f-strings** for short, are the least recently added (cf., [PEP 498 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/) in 2016) and most readable way: We simply prepend a `str` in its literal notation with an `f`, and put variables, or more generally, expressions, within curly braces `{}`. These are then filled in when the string literal is evaluated."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "name = \"Alexander\"\n",
+    "time_of_day = \"morning\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 117,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Alexander! Good morning.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 117,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f\"Hello {name}! Good {time_of_day}.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Separated by a colon `:`, various formatting options are available. In the beginning, the ability to round numbers for output may be particularly useful: This can be achieved by adding `:.2f` to the variable name inside the curly braces, which casts the number as a `float` and rounds it to two digits. The `:.2f` is a so-called format specifier, and there exists a whole **[format specification mini-language <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatspec)** to govern how specifiers work."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "pi = 3.141592653"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 119,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Pi is 3.14'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 119,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f\"Pi is {pi:.2f}\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) Method"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`str` objects also provide a [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method that accepts an arbitrary number of *positional* arguments that are inserted into the `str` object in the same order replacing empty curly brackets `{}`. String interpolation with the [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is a more traditional and probably the most common way as of today. While f-strings are the recommended way going forward, usage of the [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is likely not declining any time soon."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Alexander! Good morning.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 120,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Hello {}! Good {}.\".format(name, time_of_day)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "We may use index numbers inside the curly braces if the order is different in the `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 121,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Good morning, Alexander'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 121,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Good {1}, {0}\".format(name, time_of_day)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method may alternatively be used with *keyword* arguments as well. Then, we must put the keywords' names within the curly brackets."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Alexander! Good morning.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 122,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Hello {name}! Good {time}.\".format(name=name, time=time_of_day)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Format specifiers work as in the f-string case."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 123,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Pi is 3.14'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 123,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Pi is {:.2f}\".format(pi)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### `%` Operator"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The `%` operator that we saw in the context of modulo division in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#%28Arithmetic%29-Operators) is overloaded with string interpolation when its first operand is a `str` object. The second operand consists of all expressions to be filled in. Format specifiers work with a `%` instead of curly braces and according to a different set of rules referred to as **[printf-style string formatting <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting)**. So, `{:.2f}` becomes `%.2f`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This way of string interpolation is the oldest and originates from the [C language <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29). It is still widely spread, but we should use one of the other two ways instead. We show it here mainly for completeness sake."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Pi is 3.14'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 124,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Pi is %.2f\" % pi"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To insert more than one expression, we must list them in order and between parenthesis `(` and `)`. As [Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#The-tuple-Type) reveals, this literal syntax creates an object of type `tuple`. Also, to format an expression as text, we use the format specifier `%s`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Hello Alexander! Good morning.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 125,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Hello %s! Good %s.\" % (name, time_of_day)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "livereveal": {
+   "auto_select": "code",
+   "auto_select_fragment": true,
+   "scroll": true,
+   "theme": "serif"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {
+    "height": "calc(100% - 180px)",
+    "left": "10px",
+    "top": "150px",
+    "width": "384px"
+   },
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/06_text/lorem_ipsum.txt b/06_text/lorem_ipsum.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0e21ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/lorem_ipsum.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
+Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s
+when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type
+specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into
+electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in
+the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 29198ed..d5d2970 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -140,6 +140,15 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
     - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/05_review.ipynb)
     - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
       [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
+  - *Chapter 6*: Text & Bytes
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/00_content.ipynb)
+      (`str` Type;
+       Reading Files;
+       Sequences;
+       Indexing & Slicing;
+       String Methods & Operations;
+       String Interpolation)
 
 
 #### Videos

From c6716db0b864779b603f64b125bba09509a8de45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:34:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/8] Add initial version of chapter 06's exercises

---
 06_text/01_exercises.ipynb | 995 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md                  |   3 +
 2 files changed, 998 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 06_text/01_exercises.ipynb

diff --git a/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb b/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0781f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes (Coding Exercises)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 6.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Detecting Palindromes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "[Palindromes <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome) are sequences of characters that read the same backward as forward. Examples are first names like \"Hannah\" or \"Otto,\" words like \"radar\" or \"level,\" or sentences like \"Was it a car or a cat I saw?\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In this exercise, you implement various functions that check if the given arguments are palindromes or not. We start with an iterative implementation and end with a recursive one.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Conceptually, the first function, `unpythonic_palindrome()`, is similar to the \"*Is the square of a number in `[7, 11, 8, 5, 3, 12, 2, 6, 9, 10, 1, 4]` greater than `100`?*\" example in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb#Example:-Is-the-square-of-a-number-in-[7,-11,-8,-5,-3,-12,-2,-6,-9,-10,-1,-4]-greater-than-100?): It assumes that the `text` argument is a palindrome (i.e., it initializes `is_palindrom` to `True`) and then checks in a `for`-loop if a pair of corresponding characters, `forward` and `backward`, contradicts that.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q1**: How many iterations are needed in the `for`-loop? Take into account that `text` may contain an even or odd number of characters! Inside `unpythonic_palindrome()` below, write an expression whose result is assigned to `chars_to_check`!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer > "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q2**: `forward_index` is the index going from left to right. How can we calculate `backward_index`, the index going from right to left, for a given `forward_index`? Write an expression whose result is assigned to `backward_index`! Then, use the indexing operator `[]` to obtain the two characters, `forward` and `backward`, from `text`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q3**: Finish `unpythonic_palindrome()` below! Add code that adjusts `text` such that the function is case insensitive if the `ignore_case` argument is `True`! Make sure that the function returns once the first pair of corresponding characters does not match!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def unpythonic_palindrome(text, *, ignore_case=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; must be an individual word\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answer to Q3\n",
+    "    is_palindrome = ...\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    # answer to Q1\n",
+    "    chars_to_check = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for forward_index in range(chars_to_check):\n",
+    "        # answer to Q2\n",
+    "        backward_index = ...\n",
+    "        forward = ...\n",
+    "        backward = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        print(forward, \"and\", backward)  # added for didactical purposes\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        # answer to Q3\n",
+    "        if ...:\n",
+    "            is_palindrome = ...\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return is_palindrome"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q4**: Ensure that `unpythonic_palindrome()` works for the provided test cases (i.e., the `assert` statements do *not* raise an `AssertionError`)! Also, for each of the test cases, provide a brief explanation of what makes them *unique*!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"noon\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 1 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 2 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\", ignore_case=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 3 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"radar\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 4 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"Hanna\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 5 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert unpythonic_palindrome(\"Warsaw\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your explanation 6 >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`unpythonic_palindrome()` is considered *not* Pythonic as it uses index variables to implement the looping logic. Instead, we should simply loop over an *iterable* object to work with its elements one by one.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q5**: Copy your solutions to the previous questions into `almost_pythonic_palindrome()` below!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q6**: The [reversed() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#reversed) and [zip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#zip) built-ins allow us to loop over the same `text` argument *in parallel* in both forward *and* backward order. Finish the `for` statement's header line to do just that!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hint: You may need to slice the `text` argument."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def almost_pythonic_palindrome(text, *, ignore_case=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; must be an individual word\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    is_palindrome = ...\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    chars_to_check = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # answer to Q6\n",
+    "    for ... in ...:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        print(forward, \"and\", backward)  # added for didactical purposes\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        # answers from above\n",
+    "        if ...:\n",
+    "            is_palindrome = ...\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return is_palindrome"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q7**: Verify that the test cases work as before!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"noon\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\", ignore_case=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"radar\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"Hanna\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert almost_pythonic_palindrome(\"Warsaw\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q8**: `almost_pythonic_palindrome()` above may be made more Pythonic by removing the variable `is_palindrome` with the *early exit* pattern. Make the corresponding changes!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def pythonic_palindrome(text, *, ignore_case=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; must be an individual word\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    chars_to_check = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for ... in ...:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        print(forward, \"and\", backward)  # added for didactical purposes\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        if ...:\n",
+    "            # answer to Q8\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # answer to Q8\n",
+    "    return ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q9**: Verify that the test cases still work!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"noon\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"Hannah\", ignore_case=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"radar\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"Hanna\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert pythonic_palindrome(\"Warsaw\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q10**: `pythonic_palindrome()` is *not* able to check numeric palindromes. In addition to the string method that implements the case insensitivity and that essentially causes the `AttributeError`, what *abstract behaviors* are numeric data types, such as the `int` type in the example below, missing that would also cause runtime errors? "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "pythonic_palindrome(12321)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q11**: Copy your code from `pythonic_palindrome()` above into `palindrome_ducks()` below and make the latter conform to *duck typing*!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hints: You may want to use the [str() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-str) built-in. You only need to add *one* short line of code."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def palindrome_ducks(text, *, ignore_case=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; must be an individual word\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answer to Q11\n",
+    "    ...\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        text = ...\n",
+    "    chars_to_check = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for ... in ...:\n",
+    "        if ...:\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q12**: Verify that the two new test cases work as well!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert palindrome_ducks(12321) is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert palindrome_ducks(12345) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`palindrome_ducks()` can *not* process palindromes that consist of more than one word."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "palindrome_ducks(\"Never odd or even.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "palindrome_ducks(\"Eva, can I stab bats in a cave?\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "palindrome_ducks(\"A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "palindrome_ducks(\"A Santa lived as a devil at NASA!\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "palindrome_ducks(\"\"\"\n",
+    "    Dennis, Nell, Edna, Leon, Nedra, Anita, Rolf, Nora, Alice, Carol, Leo, Jane,\n",
+    "    Reed, Dena, Dale, Basil, Rae, Penny, Lana, Dave, Denny, Lena, Ida, Bernadette,\n",
+    "    Ben, Ray, Lila, Nina, Jo, Ira, Mara, Sara, Mario, Jan, Ina, Lily, Arne, Bette,\n",
+    "    Dan, Reba, Diane, Lynn, Ed, Eva, Dana, Lynne, Pearl, Isabel, Ada, Ned, Dee,\n",
+    "    Rena, Joel, Lora, Cecil, Aaron, Flora, Tina, Arden, Noel, and Ellen sinned.\n",
+    "\"\"\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q13**: Implement the final iterative version `is_a_palindrome()` below. Copy your solution from `palindrome_ducks()` above and add code that removes the \"special\" characters (and symbols) from the longer example palindromes above so that they are effectively ignored! Note that this processing should only be done if the `ignore_symbols` argument is set to `True`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Hints: Use the [replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method on the `str` type to achieve that. You may want to do so within another `for`-loop."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def is_a_palindrome(text, *, ignore_case=True, ignore_symbols=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; may be multiple words\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "        ignore_symbols (bool): If special characters like \".\" or \"?\" and others\n",
+    "            are ignored; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    ...\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    # answer to Q13\n",
+    "    if ignore_symbols:\n",
+    "        for ... in ...:\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    chars_to_check = ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    for ... in ...:\n",
+    "        if ...:\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    return ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q14**: Verify that all test cases below work!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"noon\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Hannah\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Hannah\", ignore_case=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"radar\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Hanna\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Warsaw\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(12321) is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(12345) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Never odd or even.\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Never odd or even.\", ignore_symbols=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"Eva, can I stab bats in a cave?\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"A Santa lived as a devil at NASA!\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert is_a_palindrome(\"\"\"\n",
+    "    Dennis, Nell, Edna, Leon, Nedra, Anita, Rolf, Nora, Alice, Carol, Leo, Jane,\n",
+    "    Reed, Dena, Dale, Basil, Rae, Penny, Lana, Dave, Denny, Lena, Ida, Bernadette,\n",
+    "    Ben, Ray, Lila, Nina, Jo, Ira, Mara, Sara, Mario, Jan, Ina, Lily, Arne, Bette,\n",
+    "    Dan, Reba, Diane, Lynn, Ed, Eva, Dana, Lynne, Pearl, Isabel, Ada, Ned, Dee,\n",
+    "    Rena, Joel, Lora, Cecil, Aaron, Flora, Tina, Arden, Noel, and Ellen sinned.\n",
+    "\"\"\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Now, let's look at a *recursive* formulation in `recursive_palindrome()` below.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q15**: Copy the code from `is_a_palindrome()` that implements the duck typing, the case insensitivity, and the removal of special characters!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The recursion becomes apparent if we remove the *first* and the *last* character from a given `text`: `text` can only be a palindrome if the two removed characters are the same *and* the remaining substring is a palindrome itself! So, the word `\"noon\"` has only *one* recursive call while `\"radar\"` has *two*.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Further, `recursive_palindrome()` has *two* base cases of which only *one* is reached for a given `text`: First, if `recursive_palindrome()` is called with either an empty `\"\"` or a `text` argument with `len(text) == 1`, and, second, if the two removed characters are *not* the same.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q16**: Implement the two base cases in `recursive_palindrome()`! Use the *early exit* pattern!\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Q17**: Add the recursive call to `recursive_palindrome()` with a substring of `text`! Pass in the `ignore_case` and `ignore_symbols` arguments as `False`! This avoids unnecessary computations in the recursive calls. Why is that the case?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def recursive_palindrome(text, *, ignore_case=True, ignore_symbols=True):\n",
+    "    \"\"\"Check if a text is a palindrome or not.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Args:\n",
+    "        text (str): Text to be checked; may be multiple words\n",
+    "        ignore_case (bool): If the check is case insensitive; defaults to True\n",
+    "        ignore_symbols (bool): If special characters like \".\" or \"?\" and others\n",
+    "            are ignored; defaults to True\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    Returns:\n",
+    "        is_palindrome (bool)\n",
+    "    \"\"\"\n",
+    "    # answers from above\n",
+    "    ...\n",
+    "    if ignore_case:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    if ignore_symbols:\n",
+    "        for ... in ...:\n",
+    "            ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # answer to Q16\n",
+    "    if ...:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "    elif ...:\n",
+    "        ...\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    # answer to Q17\n",
+    "    return ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q18**: Lastly, verify that `recursive_palindrome()` passes all the test cases below!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"noon\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Hannah\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Hannah\", ignore_case=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"radar\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Hanna\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Warsaw\") is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(12321) is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(12345) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Never odd or even.\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Never odd or even.\", ignore_symbols=False) is False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"Eva, can I stab bats in a cave?\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"A man, a plan, a canal - Panama.\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"A Santa lived as a devil at NASA!\") is True"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "assert recursive_palindrome(\"\"\"\n",
+    "    Dennis, Nell, Edna, Leon, Nedra, Anita, Rolf, Nora, Alice, Carol, Leo, Jane,\n",
+    "    Reed, Dena, Dale, Basil, Rae, Penny, Lana, Dave, Denny, Lena, Ida, Bernadette,\n",
+    "    Ben, Ray, Lila, Nina, Jo, Ira, Mara, Sara, Mario, Jan, Ina, Lily, Arne, Bette,\n",
+    "    Dan, Reba, Diane, Lynn, Ed, Eva, Dana, Lynne, Pearl, Isabel, Ada, Ned, Dee,\n",
+    "    Rena, Joel, Lora, Cecil, Aaron, Flora, Tina, Arden, Noel, and Ellen sinned.\n",
+    "\"\"\") is True"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {},
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d5d2970..430dbb9 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -149,6 +149,9 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
        Indexing & Slicing;
        String Methods & Operations;
        String Interpolation)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Detecting Palindromes)
 
 
 #### Videos

From 3c91b00749cfcfa6998d3f71479893573f4f8b03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:40:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/8] Add initial version of chapter 06, part 2

---
 06_text/02_content.ipynb | 2100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 06_text/full_house.bin   |    1 +
 06_text/umlauts.txt      |   12 +
 README.md                |    7 +
 4 files changed, 2120 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 06_text/02_content.ipynb
 create mode 100644 06_text/full_house.bin
 create mode 100644 06_text/umlauts.txt

diff --git a/06_text/02_content.ipynb b/06_text/02_content.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ff2407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/02_content.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,2100 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_content.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes (continued)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In this second part of the chapter, we look in more detail at how `str` objects work in memory, in particular how the $0$s and $1$s in the memory translate into characters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Special Characters"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As previously seen, some characters have a special meaning when following the **escape character** `\"\\\"`. Besides escaping the kind of quote used as the `str` object's delimiter, `'` or `\"`, most of these **escape sequences** (i.e., `\"\\\"` with the subsequent character), act as a **control character** that moves the \"cursor\" in the output *without* generating any pixel on the screen. Because of that, we only see the effect of such escape sequences when used with the [print() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) function. The [documentation <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals) lists all available escape sequences, of which we show the most important ones below.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The most common escape sequence is `\"\\n\"` that \"prints\" a [newline character <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline) that is also called the line feed character or LF for short."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'This is a sentence\\nthat is printed\\non three lines.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"This is a sentence\\nthat is printed\\non three lines.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a sentence\n",
+      "that is printed\n",
+      "on three lines.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"This is a sentence\\nthat is printed\\non three lines.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`\"\\b\"` is the [backspace character <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backspace), or BS for short, that moves the cursor back by one character."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ABX\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"ABC\\bX\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ABXY\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"ABC\\bXY\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Similarly, `\"\\r\"` is the [carriage return character <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_return), or CR for short, that moves the cursor back to the beginning of the line."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "XBC\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"ABC\\rX\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "XYC\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"ABC\\rXY\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "While Linux and modern MacOS systems use solely `\"\\n\"` to express a new line, Windows systems default to using `\"\\r\\n\"`. This may lead to \"weird\" bugs on software projects where people using both kind of operating systems collaborate."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "This is a sentence\n",
+      "that is printed\n",
+      "on three lines.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"This is a sentence\\r\\nthat is printed\\r\\non three lines.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`\"\\t\"` makes the cursor \"jump\" in equidistant tab stops. That may be useful for formatting a program with lengthy and tabular results."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Jump\tfrom\ttab\tstop\tto\ttab\tstop.\n",
+      "The\tsecond\tline\tdoes\tso\ttoo.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"Jump\\tfrom\\ttab\\tstop\\tto\\ttab\\tstop.\\nThe\\tsecond\\tline\\tdoes\\tso\\ttoo.\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Raw Strings"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Sometimes we do *not* want the backslash `\"\\\"` and its subsequent character be interpreted as an escape sequence. For example, let's print a typical installation path on a Windows systems. Obviously, the newline character `\"\\n\"` does *not* makes sense here."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Programs\n",
+      "ew_application\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"C:\\Programs\\new_application\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Some `str` objects even produce a `SyntaxError` because the `\"\\U\"` can *not* be interpreted as a Unicode code point (cf., next section)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "(unicode error) 'unicodeescape' codec can't decode bytes in position 2-3: truncated \\UXXXXXXXX escape (<ipython-input-10-61308f43d404>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-10-61308f43d404>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    print(\"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Project\")\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m          ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m (unicode error) 'unicodeescape' codec can't decode bytes in position 2-3: truncated \\UXXXXXXXX escape\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Project\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A simple solution would be to escape the escape character with a *second* backslash `\"\\\"`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Programs\\new_application\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"C:\\\\Programs\\\\new_application\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Project\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(\"C:\\\\Users\\\\Administrator\\\\Desktop\\\\Project\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "However, this is tedious to remember and type. For such use cases, Python allows to prefix any string literal with a `r`. The literal is then interpreted in a \"raw\" way."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Programs\\new_application\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(r\"C:\\Programs\\new_application\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Project\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(r\"C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Project\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Characters are Numbers with a Convention"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "So far, we used the term **character** without any further consideration. In this section, we briefly look into what characters are and how they are modeled in software.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "[Chapter 5 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb) gives us an idea on how individual **bits** are used to express all types of numbers, from \"simple\" `int` objects to \"complex\" `float` ones. To model characters, another **layer of abstraction** is put on top of whole numbers. So, just as bits are used to express integers, they themselves are used to express characters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### ASCII"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Many conventions have been developed as to what integer is associated with which character. The most basic one that was also adopted around the world is the the so-called [American Standard Code for Information Interchange <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII), or **ASCII** for short. It uses 7 bits of information to map the unprintable control characters as well as the printable letters of the alphabet, numbers, and common symbols to the numbers `0` through `127`.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A mapping from characters to numbers is referred to by the technical term **encoding**. We may use the built-in [ord() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#ord) function to **encode** any single character. The inverse to that is the built-in [chr() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#chr) function, which **decodes** a number into a character."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "65"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ord(\"A\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "chr(65)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Of course, unprintable escape sequences like `\"\\n\"` count as only *one* character."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "10"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ord(\"\\n\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "chr(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In ASCII, the numbers `0` through `31` (and `127`) are mapped to all kinds of unprintable control characters. The decimal digits are encoded with the numbers `48` through `57`, the upper case letters with `65` through `90`, and the lower case letters with `97` through `122`. While this seems random as first, there is of course a \"sophisticated\" system behind it. That can immediately be seen when looking at the encoded numbers in their *binary* representations.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, the digit `5` is mapped to the number `53` in ASCII. The binary representation of `53` is `0b_11_0101` and the least significant four bits, `0101`, mean $5$. Similarly, the letter `\"E\"` is the fifth letter in the alphabet. It is encoded with the number `69` in ASCII, which is `0b_100_0101` in binary. And, the least significant bits, `0_0101`, mean $5$. Analogously, `\"e\"` is encoded with `101` in ASCII, which is `0b_110_0101` in binary. And, the least significant bits, `0_0101`, mean $5$ again. This encoding was chosen mainly because programmers \"in the old days\" needed to implement these encodings \"by hand.\" Python abstracts that logic away from its users.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This encoding scheme is also the cause for the \"weird\" sorting in the \"*String Comparison*\" section in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_content.ipynb#String-Comparison) of this chapter, where `\"apple\"` comes *after* `\"Banana\"`. As `\"a\"` is encoded with `97` and `\"B\"` with `66`, `\"Banana\"` must of course be \"smaller\" than `\"apple\"` when comparison is done in a pairwise fashion of the individual characters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "48 0b110000 ->  0\n",
+      "49 0b110001 ->  1\n",
+      "50 0b110010 ->  2\n",
+      "51 0b110011 ->  3\n",
+      "52 0b110100 ->  4\n",
+      "53 0b110101 ->  5\n",
+      "54 0b110110 ->  6\n",
+      "55 0b110111 ->  7\n",
+      "56 0b111000 ->  8\n",
+      "57 0b111001 ->  9\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for number in range(48, 58):\n",
+    "    print(number, bin(number), \"-> \", chr(number))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "65 0b1000001 ->  A\t66 0b1000010 ->  B\t67 0b1000011 ->  C\n",
+      "68 0b1000100 ->  D\t69 0b1000101 ->  E\t70 0b1000110 ->  F\n",
+      "71 0b1000111 ->  G\t72 0b1001000 ->  H\t73 0b1001001 ->  I\n",
+      "74 0b1001010 ->  J\t75 0b1001011 ->  K\t76 0b1001100 ->  L\n",
+      "77 0b1001101 ->  M\t78 0b1001110 ->  N\t79 0b1001111 ->  O\n",
+      "80 0b1010000 ->  P\t81 0b1010001 ->  Q\t82 0b1010010 ->  R\n",
+      "83 0b1010011 ->  S\t84 0b1010100 ->  T\t85 0b1010101 ->  U\n",
+      "86 0b1010110 ->  V\t87 0b1010111 ->  W\t88 0b1011000 ->  X\n",
+      "89 0b1011001 ->  Y\t90 0b1011010 ->  Z\t"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for i, number in enumerate(range(65, 91), start=1):\n",
+    "    end = \"\\n\" if i % 3 == 0 else \"\\t\"\n",
+    "    print(number, bin(number), \"-> \", chr(number), end=end)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " 97 0b1100001 ->  a\t 98 0b1100010 ->  b\t 99 0b1100011 ->  c\n",
+      "100 0b1100100 ->  d\t101 0b1100101 ->  e\t102 0b1100110 ->  f\n",
+      "103 0b1100111 ->  g\t104 0b1101000 ->  h\t105 0b1101001 ->  i\n",
+      "106 0b1101010 ->  j\t107 0b1101011 ->  k\t108 0b1101100 ->  l\n",
+      "109 0b1101101 ->  m\t110 0b1101110 ->  n\t111 0b1101111 ->  o\n",
+      "112 0b1110000 ->  p\t113 0b1110001 ->  q\t114 0b1110010 ->  r\n",
+      "115 0b1110011 ->  s\t116 0b1110100 ->  t\t117 0b1110101 ->  u\n",
+      "118 0b1110110 ->  v\t119 0b1110111 ->  w\t120 0b1111000 ->  x\n",
+      "121 0b1111001 ->  y\t122 0b1111010 ->  z\t"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for i, number in enumerate(range(97, 123), start=1):\n",
+    "    end = \"\\n\" if i % 3 == 0 else \"\\t\"\n",
+    "    print(str(number).rjust(3), bin(number), \"-> \", chr(number), end=end)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The remaining `symbols` encoded in ASCII are encoded with the numbers still unused, which is why they are scattered."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "symbols = (\n",
+    "    list(range(32, 48))\n",
+    "    + list(range(58, 65))\n",
+    "    + list(range(91, 97))\n",
+    "    + list(range(123, 127))\n",
+    ")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " 32   0b100000 ->   \t 33   0b100001 ->  !\t 34   0b100010 ->  \"\n",
+      " 35   0b100011 ->  #\t 36   0b100100 ->  $\t 37   0b100101 ->  %\n",
+      " 38   0b100110 ->  &\t 39   0b100111 ->  '\t 40   0b101000 ->  (\n",
+      " 41   0b101001 ->  )\t 42   0b101010 ->  *\t 43   0b101011 ->  +\n",
+      " 44   0b101100 ->  ,\t 45   0b101101 ->  -\t 46   0b101110 ->  .\n",
+      " 47   0b101111 ->  /\t 58   0b111010 ->  :\t 59   0b111011 ->  ;\n",
+      " 60   0b111100 ->  <\t 61   0b111101 ->  =\t 62   0b111110 ->  >\n",
+      " 63   0b111111 ->  ?\t 64  0b1000000 ->  @\t 91  0b1011011 ->  [\n",
+      " 92  0b1011100 ->  \\\t 93  0b1011101 ->  ]\t 94  0b1011110 ->  ^\n",
+      " 95  0b1011111 ->  _\t 96  0b1100000 ->  `\t123  0b1111011 ->  {\n",
+      "124  0b1111100 ->  |\t125  0b1111101 ->  }\t126  0b1111110 ->  ~\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for i, number in enumerate(symbols, start=1):\n",
+    "    end = \"\\n\" if i % 3 == 0 else \"\\t\"\n",
+    "    print(str(number).rjust(3), bin(number).rjust(10), \"-> \", chr(number), end=end)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As the ASCII character set does not work for many languages other than English, various encodings were developed. Popular examples are [ISO 8859-1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1) for western European letters or [Windows 1250 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1250) for Latin ones. Many of these encodings use 8-bit numbers (i.e., `0` through `255`) to map the multitude of non-English letters (e.g., the German [umlauts <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_%28linguistics%29) `\"ä\"`, `\"ö\"`, `\"ü\"`, or `\"ß\"`)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Unicode"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "However, none of these specialized encodings can map *all* characters of *all* languages around the world from *all* times in human history. To achieve that, a truly global standard called **[Unicode <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode)** was developed and its first version released in 1991. Since then, Unicode has been amended with many other \"characters.\" The most popular among them being [emojis <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji) or the [Klingon <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_scripts) language (from the science fiction series [Star Trek <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek)). In Unicode, every character is given an identity referred to as the **code point**. Code points are hexadecimal numbers from `0x0000` through `0x10ffff`, written as U+0000 and U+10FFFF outside of Python. Consequently, there exist at most $1,114,112$ code points, of which only about 10% are currently in use, allowing lots of room for new characters to be invented. The first `127` code points are identical to the ASCII encoding for reasons explained in the \"*The `bytes` Type*\" section further below. There exist plenty of lists of all Unicode characters on the web (e.g., [Wikipedia <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters)).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "All we need to know to print a character is its code point. Python uses the escape sequence `\"\\U\"` that is followed by eight hexadecimal digits. Underscore separators are unfortunately *not* allowed here.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "So, to print a smiley, we just need to look up the corresponding number (e.g., [here <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji#Unicode_blocks))."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'😄'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\U0001f604\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Every Unicode character also has a descriptive name that we can use with the escape sequence `\"\\N\"` and within curly braces `{}`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'😂'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\N{FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY}\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Whenever the code point can be expressed with just four hexadecimal digits, we may use the escape sequence `\"\\u\"` for brevity."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\U00000041\"  # hex(65) == 0x41"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\u0041\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Analogously, if the code point can be expressed with two hexadecimal digits, we may use the escape sequence `\"\\x\"` for even conciser code."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'A'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\x41\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As the `str` type is based on Unicode, a `str` object's behavior is more in line with how humans view text and not how it is expressed in source code.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For example, while it is obvious that `len(\"A\")` evaluates to `1`, ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(\"A\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "... what should `len(\"\\N{SNAKE}\")` evaluate to? As the idea of a snake is expressed as *one* \"character,\" [len() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len) also returns `1` here."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'�'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\\N{SNAKE}\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(\"\\N{SNAKE}\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Many of the built-in `str` methods also consider Unicode. For example, in contrast to [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower), the [casefold() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.casefold) method knows that the German `\"ß\"` is commonly converted to `\"ss\"`. So, when searching for exact matches, normalizing text with [casefold() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.casefold) may yield better results than with [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'straße'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Straße\".lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'strasse'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Straße\".casefold()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Many other methods like [isdecimal() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.isdecimal), [isdigit() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.isdigit), [isnumeric() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.isnumeric), [isprintable() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.isprintable), [isidentifier() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.isidentifier), and many more may be worthwhile to know for the data science practitioner, especially when it comes to data cleaning."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Multi-line Strings"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Sometimes, it is convenient to split text across multiple lines in source code. For example, to make lines fit into the 79 characters requirement of [PEP 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) or because the text consists of many lines and typing out `\"\\n\"` is tedious. However, using single double quotes `\"` around multiple lines results in a `SyntaxError`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "EOL while scanning string literal (<ipython-input-34-4cef690f1f4a>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-34-4cef690f1f4a>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    \"\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m     ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m EOL while scanning string literal\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\n",
+    "Do not break the lines like this\n",
+    "\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Instead, we may enclose a string literal with either **triple double** quotes `\"\"\"` or **triple single** quotes `'''`. Then, newline characters in the source code are converted into `\"\\n\"` characters in the resulting `str` object. Docstrings are precisely that, and, by convention, always written within triple double quotes `\"\"\"`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "multi_line = \"\"\"\n",
+    "I am a multi-line string\n",
+    "consisting of four lines.\n",
+    "\"\"\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A caveat is that `\"\\n\"` characters are often inserted at the beginning or end of the text when we try to format the source code nicely."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'\\nI am a multi-line string\\nconsisting of four lines.\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "multi_line"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "\n",
+      "I am a multi-line string\n",
+      "consisting of four lines.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(multi_line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Using the [split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) method with the optional `sep` argument, we confirm that `multi_line` consists of *four* lines with the first and last line being empty."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1 \n",
+      "2 I am a multi-line string\n",
+      "3 consisting of four lines.\n",
+      "4 \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for i, line in enumerate(multi_line.split(\"\\n\"), start=1):\n",
+    "    print(i, line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To mitigate that, we often see the [strip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.strip) method in source code."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "multi_line = \"\"\"\n",
+    "I am a multi-line string\n",
+    "consisting of two lines.\n",
+    "\"\"\".strip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1 I am a multi-line string\n",
+      "2 consisting of two lines.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for i, line in enumerate(multi_line.split(\"\\n\"), start=1):\n",
+    "    print(i, line)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## The `bytes` Type"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To end this chapter, we want to briefly look at the `bytes` data type, which conceptually is a sequence of bytes. That data format is probably one of the most generic ways of exchanging data between any two programs or computers (e.g., a web browser obtains its data from a web server in this format).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Let's open a binary file in read-only mode (i.e., `mode=\"rb\"`) and read in all of its contents."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"full_house.bin\", mode=\"rb\") as binary_file:\n",
+    "    data = binary_file.read()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`data` is an object of type `bytes`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139880714782512"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(data)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "bytes"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 43,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(data)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "It's value is given out in the literal bytes notation with a `b` prefix (cf., the [reference <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals)). Every byte is expressed in hexadecimal representation with the escape sequence `\"\\x\"`. This representation is commonly chosen as we can *not* tell what kind of information is hidden in the `data` by just looking at the bytes. Instead, we must be told by some other source how to **decode** the raw bytes into information we can interpret."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "b'\\xf0\\x9f\\x82\\xa7\\xf0\\x9f\\x82\\xb7\\xf0\\x9f\\x83\\x97\\xf0\\x9f\\x83\\x8e\\xf0\\x9f\\x83\\x9e'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "data"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "`bytes` objects work like `str` objects in many ways. In particular, they are *sequences* as well: The number of bytes is *finite* and we may *iterate* over them in *order*."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "20"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(data)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Consisting of 8 bits, a single byte can always be interpreted as a whole number between `0` through `255`. That is exactly what we see when we loop over the `data` ..."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "240 159 130 167 240 159 130 183 240 159 131 151 240 159 131 142 240 159 131 158 "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for byte in data:\n",
+    "    print(byte, end=\" \")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "... or index into them."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "158"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "data[-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Slicing returns another `bytes` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "b'\\xf0\\x82\\xf0\\x82\\xf0\\x83\\xf0\\x83\\xf0\\x83'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 48,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "data[::2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Character Encodings"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Luckily, `data` consists of bytes encoded with the [UTF-8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8) encoding. That is the most common way of mapping a Unicode character's code point to a sequence of bytes.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "To obtain a `str` object out of a given `bytes` object, we decode it with the `bytes` type's [decode() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.decode) method."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cards = data.decode()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "str"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(cards)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "So, `data` consisted of a [full house <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#Full_house) hand in a poker game."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'🂧🂷🃗🃎🃞'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cards"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "To go the opposite direction and encode a given `str` object, we use the `str` type's [encode() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.encode) method."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "place = \"Café Kastanientörtchen\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "b'Caf\\xc3\\xa9 Kastanient\\xc3\\xb6rtchen'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "place.encode()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "By default, [encode() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.encode) and [decode() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.decode) use an `encoding=\"utf-8\"` argument. We may use another encoding like, for example, `\"iso-8859-1\"`, which can deal with ASCII and western European letters."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "b'Caf\\xe9 Kastanient\\xf6rtchen'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "place.encode(\"iso-8859-1\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "However, we must use the *same* encoding for the decoding step as for the encoding step. Otherwise, a `UnicodeDecodeError` is raised."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "UnicodeDecodeError",
+     "evalue": "'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe9 in position 3: invalid continuation byte",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeDecodeError\u001b[0m                        Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-55-1630cf8a20cc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mplace\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mencode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"iso-8859-1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdecode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeDecodeError\u001b[0m: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe9 in position 3: invalid continuation byte"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "place.encode(\"iso-8859-1\").decode()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Not all encodings map all Unicode code points. For example `\"iso-8859-1\"` does not know Czech letters. Below, [encode() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.encode) raises a `UnicodeEncodeError` because of that."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "UnicodeEncodeError",
+     "evalue": "'latin-1' codec can't encode character '\\u0159' in position 12: ordinal not in range(256)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeEncodeError\u001b[0m                        Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-56-8dd3b1bfcf5d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m\"Dobrý den, přátelé!\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mencode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"iso-8859-1\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeEncodeError\u001b[0m: 'latin-1' codec can't encode character '\\u0159' in position 12: ordinal not in range(256)"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "\"Dobrý den, přátelé!\".encode(\"iso-8859-1\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Reading Files (continued)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "The [open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) function takes an optional `encoding` argument as well."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "UnicodeDecodeError",
+     "evalue": "'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe4 in position 9: invalid continuation byte",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeDecodeError\u001b[0m                        Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-57-83a7d1245cc7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"umlauts.txt\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfile\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mjoin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfile\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mreadlines\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;32m~/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/codecs.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mdecode\u001b[0;34m(self, input, final)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    320\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# decode input (taking the buffer into account)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    321\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuffer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 322\u001b[0;31m         \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mconsumed\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_buffer_decode\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0merrors\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfinal\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    323\u001b[0m         \u001b[0;31m# keep undecoded input until the next call\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    324\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mbuffer\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdata\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mconsumed\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[0;31mUnicodeDecodeError\u001b[0m: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xe4 in position 9: invalid continuation byte"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"umlauts.txt\") as file:\n",
+    "    print(\"\".join(file.readlines()))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lerchen-Lärchen-Ähnlichkeiten\n",
+      "fehlen. Dieses abzustreiten\n",
+      "mag im Klang der Worte liegen.\n",
+      "Merke, eine Lerch' kann fliegen,\n",
+      "Lärchen nicht, was kaum verwundert,\n",
+      "denn nicht eine unter hundert\n",
+      "ist geflügelt. Auch im Singen\n",
+      "sind die Bäume zu bezwingen.\n",
+      "Die Bätrachtung sollte reichen,\n",
+      "Rächtschreibfählern auszuweichen.\n",
+      "Leicht gälingt's, zu unterscheiden,\n",
+      "wär ist wär nun von dän beiden.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"umlauts.txt\", encoding=\"iso-8859-1\") as file:\n",
+    "    print(\"\".join(file.readlines()))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "### Best Practice: Use UTF-8 explicitly"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "A best practice is to *always* specify the `encoding`, especially on computers running on Windows (cf., the talk by �ukasz Langa in the [Further Resources <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/05_resources.ipynb#Unicode)) section at the end of this chapter.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Below is the first example involving [open() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open) one last time: It shows how *all* the contents of a text file should be read into one `str` object."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "with open(\"lorem_ipsum.txt\", encoding=\"utf-8\") as file:\n",
+    "    content = \"\".join(file.readlines())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "\"Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\\nLorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\\nwhen an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\\nspecimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\\nelectronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\\nthe 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\\n\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "content"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "fragment"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.\n",
+      "Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s\n",
+      "when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type\n",
+      "specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries but also the leap into\n",
+      "electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in\n",
+      "the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(content)"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "livereveal": {
+   "auto_select": "code",
+   "auto_select_fragment": true,
+   "scroll": true,
+   "theme": "serif"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {
+    "height": "calc(100% - 180px)",
+    "left": "10px",
+    "top": "150px",
+    "width": "384px"
+   },
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/06_text/full_house.bin b/06_text/full_house.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ad5e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/full_house.bin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+🂧🂷🃗🃎🃞
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/06_text/umlauts.txt b/06_text/umlauts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c0f911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/umlauts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Lerchen-Lärchen-Ähnlichkeiten
+fehlen. Dieses abzustreiten
+mag im Klang der Worte liegen.
+Merke, eine Lerch' kann fliegen,
+Lärchen nicht, was kaum verwundert,
+denn nicht eine unter hundert
+ist geflügelt. Auch im Singen
+sind die Bäume zu bezwingen.
+Die Bätrachtung sollte reichen,
+Rächtschreibfählern auszuweichen.
+Leicht gälingt's, zu unterscheiden,
+wär ist wär nun von dän beiden.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 430dbb9..fd12c45 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -152,6 +152,13 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
     - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
       [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
       (Detecting Palindromes)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
+      (Special Characters;
+       ASCII & Unicode;
+       Multi-line Strings;
+       `bytes` Type;
+       Character Encodings)
 
 
 #### Videos

From 163f2cd98d310b1d9a4c2397b2a85822b8fe9950 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:41:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 5/8] Add initial version of chapter 06's summary

---
 06_text/03_summary.ipynb | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md                |  1 +
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 06_text/03_summary.ipynb

diff --git a/06_text/03_summary.ipynb b/06_text/03_summary.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcb6506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/03_summary.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes (TL;DR)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Textual data is modeled with the **immutable** `str` type.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The `str` type supports *four* orthogonal **abstract concepts** that together constitute the idea of a **sequence**: Every `str` object is an *iterable container* of a *finite* number of *ordered* characters.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "A single **character** in a `str` object follows the idea of a **Unicode** character. It is mapped to a *unique* **code point** that is encoded into **bytes** with a dedicated character encoding, for example, **UTF-8**."
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "livereveal": {
+   "auto_select": "code",
+   "auto_select_fragment": true,
+   "scroll": true,
+   "theme": "serif"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {
+    "height": "calc(100% - 180px)",
+    "left": "10px",
+    "top": "150px",
+    "width": "384px"
+   },
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fd12c45..cccdf7b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
        Multi-line Strings;
        `bytes` Type;
        Character Encodings)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/03_summary.ipynb)
 
 
 #### Videos

From a328d6c9e098c29a0255f0ddb84e26d3883603fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:43:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 6/8] Add initial version of chapter 06's review

---
 06_text/04_review.ipynb | 199 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md               |   1 +
 2 files changed, 200 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 06_text/04_review.ipynb

diff --git a/06_text/04_review.ipynb b/06_text/04_review.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9804bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/04_review.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes (Review Questions)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/00_content.ipynb) and [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 6.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Essay Questions "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Answer the following questions *briefly*!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q1**: In what sense is a **\"string\" of characters** a **sequence**? What is a **sequence** after all? A *concrete* **data type**, or something else?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q2**: What is a direct consequence of the `str` type's property of being an **ordered** sequence? What operations could we *not* do with it if it were *unordered*?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q3**: What does it mean for an object to be **immutable**? Discuss how we can verify the `str` type's immutability by comparing the two variables `example` and `full_slice` below. Are they pointing to the *same* object in memory?\n",
+    "```python\n",
+    "example = \"text\"\n",
+    "full_slice = example[:]\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "Hint: Find out what `[:]` does first!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q4**: Describe in your own words what we mean by **string interpolation**!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## True / False Questions"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Motivate your answer with *one short* sentence!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q5**: **Triple-double** quotes `\"\"\"` and **triple-single** quotes `'''` create a *new* object of type `text` that models so-called **multi-line strings**."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q6**: A **substring** is a string that *subsumes* another string."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q7**: Indexing into a `str` object with a *negative* index **fails silently**: It does *neither* raise an error *nor* do anything useful."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**Q8**: We *cannot* assign a *different* character to an index or slice of a `str` object because it is **immutable**."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    " < your answer >"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {},
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cccdf7b..bace325 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
        `bytes` Type;
        Character Encodings)
     - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/03_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/04_review.ipynb)
 
 
 #### Videos

From 1ef4b283ac477fce88ae23ef6f1db53b032ffb1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 11:45:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 7/8] Add initial version of chapter 06's further resources

---
 06_text/05_resources.ipynb | 359 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md                  |   2 +
 2 files changed, 361 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 06_text/05_resources.ipynb

diff --git a/06_text/05_resources.ipynb b/06_text/05_resources.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5517f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/06_text/05_resources.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 6: Text & Bytes (Further Resources)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Unicode"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "We refer to the official [Unicode HOWTO <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html) in the Python documentation. Furthermore, the [unicodedata <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unicodedata.html) module in the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html) provides a lot of utility functions around the Unicode standard.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Next is a brief summary video by the YouTube channel [Computerphile](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9-y-6csu5WGm29I7JiwpnA) titled \"*Characters, Symbols and the Unicode Miracle*\"."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/jpeg": 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\n",
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/MijmeoH9LT4\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f4128106fd0>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n",
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"MijmeoH9LT4\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In his [PyCon Australia 2018](https://2018.pycon-au.org/) talk titled \"*Unicode and Python: The absolute minimum you need to know*\" [Raphaël Merx](https://www.linkedin.com/in/raphaelmerx/) explains some caveats and best practices regarding Unicode."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/jpeg": 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+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/oXVmZGN6plY\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f4128106700>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"oXVmZGN6plY\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In a similar talk at [PyCon 2017](https://us.pycon.org/2017/) titled \"*Unicode what is the big deal*\" [�ukasz Langa](https://www.linkedin.com/in/llanga/) provides further lessons learned regarding Unicode."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
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\n",
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/7m5JA3XaZ4k\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f41281004c0>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"7m5JA3XaZ4k\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "In a \"classic\" talk from PyCon 2012 titled \"*Pragmatic Unicode, or, How do I stop the pain?*\" [Ned Batchelder](https://nedbatchelder.com/) explains among others the concept of a \"Unicode Sandwich.\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/jpeg": 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\n",
+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/sgHbC6udIqc\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f41280d8340>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"sgHbC6udIqc\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Character Encodings"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Lastly, in his entertaining talk at [PyCon.DE 2019](https://de.pycon.org/) titled \"*Your Name is Invalid!*\" [Miroslav Šedivý](https://www.linkedin.com/in/%C5%A1ediv%C3%BD/) shows how hard it actually is to write software that can process any name a human can possibly have. Miroslav also gave a lightning talk where he shows how he uses only one keyboard for the 12 (!!!) languages he speaks."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/jpeg": 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+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pBuS7EUPnQA\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f4128114820>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"pBuS7EUPnQA\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "skip"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/jpeg": 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+      "text/html": [
+       "\n",
+       "        <iframe\n",
+       "            width=\"60%\"\n",
+       "            height=\"300\"\n",
+       "            src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-4QjII981sM\"\n",
+       "            frameborder=\"0\"\n",
+       "            allowfullscreen\n",
+       "        ></iframe>\n",
+       "        "
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x7f41280d8310>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "YouTubeVideo(\"-4QjII981sM\", width=\"60%\")"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.8.6"
+  },
+  "livereveal": {
+   "auto_select": "code",
+   "auto_select_fragment": true,
+   "scroll": true,
+   "theme": "serif"
+  },
+  "toc": {
+   "base_numbering": 1,
+   "nav_menu": {},
+   "number_sections": false,
+   "sideBar": true,
+   "skip_h1_title": true,
+   "title_cell": "Table of Contents",
+   "title_sidebar": "Contents",
+   "toc_cell": false,
+   "toc_position": {
+    "height": "calc(100% - 180px)",
+    "left": "10px",
+    "top": "150px",
+    "width": "384px"
+   },
+   "toc_section_display": false,
+   "toc_window_display": false
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bace325..82348a5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
        Character Encodings)
     - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/03_summary.ipynb)
     - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/04_review.ipynb)
+    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
 
 
 #### Videos

From 84e05ab2988ddf8b861617faceadabfacefb5acf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Hess <alexander@webartifex.biz>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2020 12:00:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 8/8] Move detailed ToC in a file on its own

---
 CONTENTS.md | 163 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md   | 150 +----------------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 147 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 CONTENTS.md

diff --git a/CONTENTS.md b/CONTENTS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50bf5f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTENTS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# Table of Contents
+
+The materials are designed to resemble an *interactive* book.
+
+It is recommended
+    to follow the [installation instructions](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python#installation)
+        in the [README.md](README.md) file
+    and work through the content on one's own computer.
+
+If this is not possible,
+    the files can be viewed in a web browser
+    either statically (i.e., read-only) on [nbviewer <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/tree/develop/)
+    or interactively (i.e., code can be executed) on [Binder <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab).
+
+- *Chapter 0*: Introduction
+  - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
+    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
+    (Python's History & Background;
+     Open-source & Communities;
+     JupyterLab;
+     Programming vs. Computer Science;
+     Learning Tips)
+  - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
+    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
+    (Mastering Markdown)
+  - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/02_review.ipynb)
+- **Part A: Expressing Logic**
+  - *Chapter 1*: Elements of a Program
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
+      (A first Example: Averaging Even Numbers;
+       Operators;
+       Objects & Data Types;
+       Errors)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Printing Output)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Simple `for`-loops)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
+      (Memory in Detail;
+       Variables & References;
+       Mutability;
+       Expressions & Statements)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Python as a Calculator)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/05_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/06_review.ipynb)
+    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/07_resources.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/07_resources.ipynb)
+  - *Chapter 2*: Functions & Modularization
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
+      (Built-in Functions & Constructors;
+       Function Definitions;
+       Function Calls & Scoping Rules;
+       Positional vs. Keyword Arguments;
+       Modularization)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Volume of a Sphere)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
+      (Standard Library: `math` & `random` Modules;
+       Third-party Packages: `numpy` Library;
+       Writing one's own Modules)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/03_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/04_review.ipynb)
+  - *Chapter 3*: Conditionals & Exceptions
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb)
+      (Boolean Expressions;
+       Relational Operators;
+       Logical Operators;
+       `if` statement;
+       Exception Handling)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Discounting Customer Orders)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/02_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/02_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Fizz Buzz)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/03_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/04_review.ipynb)
+  - *Chapter 4*: Recursion & Looping
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)
+      (Recursion;
+       Examples: Factorial, Euclid's Algorithm, & Fibonacci;
+       Duck Typing;
+       Type Casting & Checking;
+       Input Validation)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Towers of Hanoi)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)
+      (Looping with `while` & `for`;
+       Examples: Collatz Conjecture, Factorial, Euclid's Algorithm, & Fibonacci;
+       Containers vs. Iterables)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)
+      (Customizing Loops with `break` and `continue`;
+       Indefinite Loops)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Throwing Dice)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/05_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/06_review.ipynb)
+- **Part B: Managing Data and Memory**
+  - *Chapter 5*: Numbers & Bits
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
+      (`int` Type;
+       Binary & Hexadecimal Representations;
+       Bit Arithmetic;
+       Bitwise Operators)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb)
+      (`float` Type;
+       Floating-point Standard;
+       Special Values;
+       Imprecision;
+       Binary & Hexadecimal Representations)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb)
+      (`complex` Type;
+       Numerical Tower;
+       Duck vs. Goose Typing)
+    - [appendix <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/03_appendix.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/03_appendix.ipynb)
+      (`Decimal` Type;
+       `Fraction` Type)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/04_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/05_review.ipynb)
+    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
+  - *Chapter 6*: Text & Bytes
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/00_content.ipynb)
+      (`str` Type;
+       Reading Files;
+       Sequences;
+       Indexing & Slicing;
+       String Methods & Operations;
+       String Interpolation)
+    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
+      (Detecting Palindromes)
+    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
+      (Special Characters;
+       ASCII & Unicode;
+       Multi-line Strings;
+       `bytes` Type;
+       Character Encodings)
+    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/03_summary.ipynb)
+    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/04_review.ipynb)
+    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
+      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 82348a5..db07011 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,163 +6,19 @@ This project is a *thorough* introductory course
 
 ### Table of Contents
 
-The materials are designed to resemble an *interactive* book.
-It is recommended
-    to follow the [installation instructions](https://github.com/webartifex/intro-to-python#installation) below
-    and work through the content on one's own computer.
-Alternatively, the content can be viewed in a web browser
-    either statically (i.e., read-only) on [nbviewer <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/tree/develop/)
-    or interactively (i.e., code can be executed) on [Binder <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab).
+The following is a high-level overview of the contents.
+For a more *detailed version* with **clickable links**
+    see the [CONTENTS.md](CONTENTS.md) file.
 
 - *Chapter 0*: Introduction
-  - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
-    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/00_content.ipynb)
-    (Python's History & Background;
-     Open-source & Communities;
-     JupyterLab;
-     Programming vs. Computer Science;
-     Learning Tips)
-  - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
-    [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/00_intro/01_exercises.ipynb)
-    (Mastering Markdown)
-  - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/00_intro/02_review.ipynb)
 - **Part A: Expressing Logic**
   - *Chapter 1*: Elements of a Program
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/00_content.ipynb)
-      (A first Example: Averaging Even Numbers;
-       Operators;
-       Objects & Data Types;
-       Errors)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Printing Output)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/02_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Simple `for`-loops)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/03_content.ipynb)
-      (Memory in Detail;
-       Variables & References;
-       Mutability;
-       Expressions & Statements)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/04_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Python as a Calculator)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/05_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/06_review.ipynb)
-    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/07_resources.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/01_elements/07_resources.ipynb)
   - *Chapter 2*: Functions & Modularization
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/00_content.ipynb)
-      (Built-in Functions & Constructors;
-       Function Definitions;
-       Function Calls & Scoping Rules;
-       Positional vs. Keyword Arguments;
-       Modularization)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Volume of a Sphere)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/02_functions/02_content.ipynb)
-      (Standard Library: `math` & `random` Modules;
-       Third-party Packages: `numpy` Library;
-       Writing one's own Modules)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/03_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/02_functions/04_review.ipynb)
   - *Chapter 3*: Conditionals & Exceptions
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb)
-      (Boolean Expressions;
-       Relational Operators;
-       Logical Operators;
-       `if` statement;
-       Exception Handling)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Discounting Customer Orders)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/02_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/03_conditionals/02_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Fizz Buzz)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/03_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/04_review.ipynb)
   - *Chapter 4*: Recursion & Looping
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)
-      (Recursion;
-       Examples: Factorial, Euclid's Algorithm, & Fibonacci;
-       Duck Typing;
-       Type Casting & Checking;
-       Input Validation)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Towers of Hanoi)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)
-      (Looping with `while` & `for`;
-       Examples: Collatz Conjecture, Factorial, Euclid's Algorithm, & Fibonacci;
-       Containers vs. Iterables)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)
-      (Customizing Loops with `break` and `continue`;
-       Indefinite Loops)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Throwing Dice)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/05_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/06_review.ipynb)
 - **Part B: Managing Data and Memory**
   - *Chapter 5*: Numbers & Bits
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
-      (`int` Type;
-       Binary & Hexadecimal Representations;
-       Bit Arithmetic;
-       Bitwise Operators)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/01_content.ipynb)
-      (`float` Type;
-       Floating-point Standard;
-       Special Values;
-       Imprecision;
-       Binary & Hexadecimal Representations)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/02_content.ipynb)
-      (`complex` Type;
-       Numerical Tower;
-       Duck vs. Goose Typing)
-    - [appendix <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/03_appendix.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/03_appendix.ipynb)
-      (`Decimal` Type;
-       `Fraction` Type)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/04_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/05_review.ipynb)
-    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/05_numbers/06_resources.ipynb)
   - *Chapter 6*: Text & Bytes
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_numbers/00_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/00_content.ipynb)
-      (`str` Type;
-       Reading Files;
-       Sequences;
-       Indexing & Slicing;
-       String Methods & Operations;
-       String Interpolation)
-    - [exercises <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/01_exercises.ipynb)
-      (Detecting Palindromes)
-    - [content <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/02_content.ipynb)
-      (Special Characters;
-       ASCII & Unicode;
-       Multi-line Strings;
-       `bytes` Type;
-       Character Encodings)
-    - [summary <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/03_summary.ipynb)
-    - [review questions <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/04_review.ipynb)
-    - [further resources <img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_nb.png">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
-      [<img height="12" style="display: inline-block" src="static/link/to_mb.png">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/06_text/05_resources.ipynb)
 
 
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