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Re-run Chapter 02 files with Python 3.12

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Alexander Hess 2024-04-08 16:09:30 +02:00
parent 8da18b8677
commit 7eed0841f1
Signed by: alexander
GPG key ID: 344EA5AB10D868E0
5 changed files with 52 additions and 38 deletions
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48
02_functions/00_content.ipynb
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@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-18-af421b358f21>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"seven\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[18], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mint\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mseven\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'seven'" "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'seven'"
] ]
} }
@ -1026,10 +1026,10 @@
"outputs": [ "outputs": [
{ {
"ename": "SyntaxError", "ename": "SyntaxError",
"evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-31-7f49dff38622>, line 1)", "evalue": "invalid syntax (2246690741.py, line 1)",
"output_type": "error", "output_type": "error",
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;36m File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-31-7f49dff38622>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m <function __main__.average_evens(numbers)>\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n" "\u001b[0;36m Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[31], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m <function __main__.average_evens(numbers)>\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
] ]
} }
], ],
@ -1102,10 +1102,10 @@
"\n", "\n",
"average_evens(integers)\n", "average_evens(integers)\n",
" Calculate the average of all even numbers in a list.\n", " Calculate the average of all even numbers in a list.\n",
" \n", "\n",
" Args:\n", " Args:\n",
" integers (list of int's): whole numbers to be averaged\n", " integers (list of int's): whole numbers to be averaged\n",
" \n", "\n",
" Returns:\n", " Returns:\n",
" average (float)\n", " average (float)\n",
"\n" "\n"
@ -1148,8 +1148,8 @@
"\n", "\n",
"Returns:\n", "Returns:\n",
" average (float)\n", " average (float)\n",
"\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m ~/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n", "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m /tmp/ipykernel_152540/3598721284.py\n",
"\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m function\n" "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m function"
] ]
}, },
"metadata": {}, "metadata": {},
@ -1197,8 +1197,8 @@
"\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mintegers\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m%\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n", "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mintegers\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m%\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n", "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n", "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m ~/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/<ipython-input-27-bcb78a3113d7>\n", "\u001b[0;31mFile:\u001b[0m /tmp/ipykernel_152540/3598721284.py\n",
"\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m function\n" "\u001b[0;31mType:\u001b[0m function"
] ]
}, },
"metadata": {}, "metadata": {},
@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@
"\n", "\n",
"sum(iterable, /, start=0)\n", "sum(iterable, /, start=0)\n",
" Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers\n", " Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers\n",
" \n", "\n",
" When the iterable is empty, return the start value.\n", " When the iterable is empty, return the start value.\n",
" This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may\n", " This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may\n",
" reject non-numeric types.\n", " reject non-numeric types.\n",
@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-41-756dfa02d4a8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mintegers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[41], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mintegers\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'integers' is not defined" "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'integers' is not defined"
] ]
} }
@ -1441,7 +1441,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-42-df246468d241>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mevens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[42], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mevens\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'evens' is not defined" "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'evens' is not defined"
] ]
} }
@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-43-c3fe9b4213f6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0maverage\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[43], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43maverage\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'average' is not defined" "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'average' is not defined"
] ]
} }
@ -1483,7 +1483,7 @@
} }
}, },
"source": [ "source": [
"[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20integers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28numbers%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) visualizes what happens in memory: To be precise, in the exact moment when the function call is initiated and `numbers` passed in as the `integers` argument, there are *two* references to the *same* `list` object (cf., steps 4-5 in the visualization). We also see how Python creates a *new* **frame** that holds the function's local scope (i.e., \"internal names\") in addition to the **global** frame. Frames are nothing but [namespaces <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace) to *isolate* the names of different **scopes** from each other. The list comprehension `[n for n in integers if n % 2 == 0]` constitutes yet another frame that is in scope as the `list` object assigned to `evens` is *being* created (cf., steps 6-20). When the function returns, only the global frame is left (cf., last step)." "[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20integers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28numbers%29&cumulative=false&curstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) visualizes what happens in memory: To be precise, in the exact moment when the function call is initiated and `numbers` passed in as the `integers` argument, there are *two* references to the *same* `list` object (cf., steps 4-5 in the visualization). We also see how Python creates a *new* **frame** that holds the function's local scope (i.e., \"internal names\") in addition to the **global** frame. Frames are nothing but [namespaces <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace) to *isolate* the names of different **scopes** from each other. The list comprehension `[n for n in integers if n % 2 == 0]` constitutes yet another frame that is in scope as the `list` object assigned to `evens` is *being* created (cf., steps 6-20). When the function returns, only the global frame is left (cf., last step)."
] ]
}, },
{ {
@ -1645,7 +1645,7 @@
} }
}, },
"source": [ "source": [
"[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_wrong%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_wrong%28%5B123,%20456,%20789%5D%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) is again helpful at visualizing the error interactively: Creating the `list` object `evens` eventually references takes *16* computational steps, namely two for managing the list comprehension, one for setting up an empty `list` object, *twelve* for filling it with elements derived from `numbers` in the global scope (i.e., that is the error), and one to make `evens` reference it (cf., steps 6-21).\n", "[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_wrong%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_wrong%28%5B123,%20456,%20789%5D%29&cumulative=false&curstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) is again helpful at visualizing the error interactively: Creating the `list` object `evens` eventually references takes *16* computational steps, namely two for managing the list comprehension, one for setting up an empty `list` object, *twelve* for filling it with elements derived from `numbers` in the global scope (i.e., that is the error), and one to make `evens` reference it (cf., steps 6-21).\n",
"\n", "\n",
"The frames logic shown by PythonTutor is the mechanism with which Python not only manages the names inside *one* function call but also for *many* potentially *simultaneous* calls, as revealed in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb#Trivial-Example:-Countdown). It is the reason why we may reuse the same names for the parameters and variables inside both `average_evens()` and `average_wrong()` without Python mixing them up. So, as we already read in the [Zen of Python <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/), \"namespaces are one honking great idea\" (cf., `import this`), and a frame is just a special kind of namespace." "The frames logic shown by PythonTutor is the mechanism with which Python not only manages the names inside *one* function call but also for *many* potentially *simultaneous* calls, as revealed in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb#Trivial-Example:-Countdown). It is the reason why we may reuse the same names for the parameters and variables inside both `average_evens()` and `average_wrong()` without Python mixing them up. So, as we already read in the [Zen of Python <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/), \"namespaces are one honking great idea\" (cf., `import this`), and a frame is just a special kind of namespace."
] ]
@ -1786,7 +1786,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-51-f47586a118b9>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32massert\u001b[0m \u001b[0maverage_evens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m40.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m41.1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m42.2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m43.3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m44.4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m==\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m87.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[51], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m average_evens([\u001b[38;5;241m40.0\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m41.1\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m42.2\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m43.3\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m44.4\u001b[39m]) \u001b[38;5;241m==\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m87.0\u001b[39m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: " "\u001b[0;31mAssertionError\u001b[0m: "
] ]
} }
@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@
"source": [ "source": [
"The reason why everything works is that *every* time we (re-)assign an object to a variable *inside* a function's body with the `=` statement, this is done in the *local* scope by default. There are ways to change variables existing in an outer scope from within a function, but this is a rather advanced topic.\n", "The reason why everything works is that *every* time we (re-)assign an object to a variable *inside* a function's body with the `=` statement, this is done in the *local* scope by default. There are ways to change variables existing in an outer scope from within a function, but this is a rather advanced topic.\n",
"\n", "\n",
"[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20numbers%20%3D%20%5Bround%28n%29%20for%20n%20in%20integers%5D%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28%5B40.0,%2041.1,%2042.2,%2043.3,%2044.4%5D%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) shows how *two* `numbers` variables exist in *different* scopes referencing *different* objects (cf., steps 14-25) when we execute `average_evens([40.0, 41.1, 42.2, 43.3, 44.4])`.\n", "[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28integers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20numbers%20%3D%20%5Bround%28n%29%20for%20n%20in%20integers%5D%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28%5B40.0,%2041.1,%2042.2,%2043.3,%2044.4%5D%29&cumulative=false&curstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) shows how *two* `numbers` variables exist in *different* scopes referencing *different* objects (cf., steps 14-25) when we execute `average_evens([40.0, 41.1, 42.2, 43.3, 44.4])`.\n",
"\n", "\n",
"Variables whose names collide with the ones of variables in enclosing scopes - and the global scope is just the most enclosing scope - are said to **shadow** them.\n", "Variables whose names collide with the ones of variables in enclosing scopes - and the global scope is just the most enclosing scope - are said to **shadow** them.\n",
"\n", "\n",
@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@
} }
}, },
"source": [ "source": [
"[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28numbers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28numbers%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) reveals that in this example there are *two* `numbers` variables in *different* scope referencing the *same* `list` object in memory (cf., steps 4-23)." "[PythonTutor <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#code=numbers%20%3D%20%5B7,%2011,%208,%205,%203,%2012,%202,%206,%209,%2010,%201,%204%5D%0A%0Adef%20average_evens%28numbers%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20evens%20%3D%20%5Bn%20for%20n%20in%20numbers%20if%20n%20%25%202%20%3D%3D%200%5D%0A%20%20%20%20average%20%3D%20sum%28evens%29%20/%20len%28evens%29%0A%20%20%20%20return%20average%0A%0Aresult%20%3D%20average_evens%28numbers%29&cumulative=false&curstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=3&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false) reveals that in this example there are *two* `numbers` variables in *different* scope referencing the *same* `list` object in memory (cf., steps 4-23)."
] ]
}, },
{ {
@ -2274,10 +2274,10 @@
"outputs": [ "outputs": [
{ {
"ename": "SyntaxError", "ename": "SyntaxError",
"evalue": "positional argument follows keyword argument (<ipython-input-65-b00eb6f72e84>, line 1)", "evalue": "positional argument follows keyword argument (159253642.py, line 1)",
"output_type": "error", "output_type": "error",
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;36m File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-65-b00eb6f72e84>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m scaled_average_evens(numbers=numbers, 2)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m positional argument follows keyword argument\n" "\u001b[0;36m Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[65], line 1\u001b[0;36m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m scaled_average_evens(numbers=numbers, 2)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m positional argument follows keyword argument\n"
] ]
} }
], ],
@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-66-d910518345ec>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mscaled_average_evens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnumbers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[66], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mscaled_average_evens\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mnumbers\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: scaled_average_evens() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scalar'" "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: scaled_average_evens() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scalar'"
] ]
} }
@ -2337,7 +2337,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-67-2e7ca1d2a555>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mscaled_average_evens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnumbers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[67], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mscaled_average_evens\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mnumbers\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m3\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: scaled_average_evens() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given" "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: scaled_average_evens() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given"
] ]
} }
@ -2782,7 +2782,7 @@
"traceback": [ "traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-81-12eb635366db>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0maverage_evens\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnumbers\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[81], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43maverage_evens\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mnumbers\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: average_evens() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given" "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: average_evens() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given"
] ]
} }
@ -3032,7 +3032,7 @@
"name": "python", "name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.6" "version": "3.12.2"
}, },
"livereveal": { "livereveal": {
"auto_select": "code", "auto_select": "code",

2
02_functions/01_exercises.ipynb
View file

@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
"name": "python", "name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.6" "version": "3.12.2"
}, },
"toc": { "toc": {
"base_numbering": 1, "base_numbering": 1,

36
02_functions/02_content.ipynb
View file

@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
{ {
"data": { "data": {
"text/plain": [ "text/plain": [
"<module 'math' from '/home/webartifex/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/lib-dynload/math.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so'>" "<module 'math' from '/usr/lib64/python3.12/lib-dynload/math.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so'>"
] ]
}, },
"execution_count": 2, "execution_count": 2,
@ -227,6 +227,7 @@
" 'atan',\n", " 'atan',\n",
" 'atan2',\n", " 'atan2',\n",
" 'atanh',\n", " 'atanh',\n",
" 'cbrt',\n",
" 'ceil',\n", " 'ceil',\n",
" 'comb',\n", " 'comb',\n",
" 'copysign',\n", " 'copysign',\n",
@ -238,6 +239,7 @@
" 'erf',\n", " 'erf',\n",
" 'erfc',\n", " 'erfc',\n",
" 'exp',\n", " 'exp',\n",
" 'exp2',\n",
" 'expm1',\n", " 'expm1',\n",
" 'fabs',\n", " 'fabs',\n",
" 'factorial',\n", " 'factorial',\n",
@ -254,6 +256,7 @@
" 'isinf',\n", " 'isinf',\n",
" 'isnan',\n", " 'isnan',\n",
" 'isqrt',\n", " 'isqrt',\n",
" 'lcm',\n",
" 'ldexp',\n", " 'ldexp',\n",
" 'lgamma',\n", " 'lgamma',\n",
" 'log',\n", " 'log',\n",
@ -262,6 +265,7 @@
" 'log2',\n", " 'log2',\n",
" 'modf',\n", " 'modf',\n",
" 'nan',\n", " 'nan',\n",
" 'nextafter',\n",
" 'perm',\n", " 'perm',\n",
" 'pi',\n", " 'pi',\n",
" 'pow',\n", " 'pow',\n",
@ -271,10 +275,12 @@
" 'sin',\n", " 'sin',\n",
" 'sinh',\n", " 'sinh',\n",
" 'sqrt',\n", " 'sqrt',\n",
" 'sumprod',\n",
" 'tan',\n", " 'tan',\n",
" 'tanh',\n", " 'tanh',\n",
" 'tau',\n", " 'tau',\n",
" 'trunc']" " 'trunc',\n",
" 'ulp']"
] ]
}, },
"execution_count": 5, "execution_count": 5,
@ -589,7 +595,7 @@
{ {
"data": { "data": {
"text/plain": [ "text/plain": [
"<module 'random' from '/home/webartifex/.pyenv/versions/3.8.6/lib/python3.8/random.py'>" "<module 'random' from '/usr/lib64/python3.12/random.py'>"
] ]
}, },
"execution_count": 16, "execution_count": 16,
@ -632,8 +638,8 @@
" 'SG_MAGICCONST',\n", " 'SG_MAGICCONST',\n",
" 'SystemRandom',\n", " 'SystemRandom',\n",
" 'TWOPI',\n", " 'TWOPI',\n",
" '_ONE',\n",
" '_Sequence',\n", " '_Sequence',\n",
" '_Set',\n",
" '__all__',\n", " '__all__',\n",
" '__builtins__',\n", " '__builtins__',\n",
" '__cached__',\n", " '__cached__',\n",
@ -650,8 +656,14 @@
" '_cos',\n", " '_cos',\n",
" '_e',\n", " '_e',\n",
" '_exp',\n", " '_exp',\n",
" '_fabs',\n",
" '_floor',\n",
" '_index',\n",
" '_inst',\n", " '_inst',\n",
" '_isfinite',\n",
" '_lgamma',\n",
" '_log',\n", " '_log',\n",
" '_log2',\n",
" '_os',\n", " '_os',\n",
" '_pi',\n", " '_pi',\n",
" '_random',\n", " '_random',\n",
@ -664,6 +676,7 @@
" '_urandom',\n", " '_urandom',\n",
" '_warn',\n", " '_warn',\n",
" 'betavariate',\n", " 'betavariate',\n",
" 'binomialvariate',\n",
" 'choice',\n", " 'choice',\n",
" 'choices',\n", " 'choices',\n",
" 'expovariate',\n", " 'expovariate',\n",
@ -674,6 +687,7 @@
" 'lognormvariate',\n", " 'lognormvariate',\n",
" 'normalvariate',\n", " 'normalvariate',\n",
" 'paretovariate',\n", " 'paretovariate',\n",
" 'randbytes',\n",
" 'randint',\n", " 'randint',\n",
" 'random',\n", " 'random',\n",
" 'randrange',\n", " 'randrange',\n",
@ -1031,7 +1045,7 @@
"name": "stdout", "name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream", "output_type": "stream",
"text": [ "text": [
"Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/.venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages (1.19.2)\n" "Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /home/alexander/Repositories/intro-to-python/.venv/lib64/python3.12/site-packages (1.26.4)\n"
] ]
} }
], ],
@ -1086,7 +1100,7 @@
{ {
"data": { "data": {
"text/plain": [ "text/plain": [
"<module 'numpy' from '/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/.venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>" "<module 'numpy' from '/home/alexander/Repositories/intro-to-python/.venv/lib64/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py'>"
] ]
}, },
"execution_count": 31, "execution_count": 31,
@ -1338,7 +1352,7 @@
"name": "stdout", "name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream", "output_type": "stream",
"text": [ "text": [
"/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions\n" "/home/alexander/Repositories/intro-to-python/02_functions\n"
] ]
} }
], ],
@ -1384,7 +1398,7 @@
{ {
"data": { "data": {
"text/plain": [ "text/plain": [
"<module 'sample_module' from '/home/webartifex/repos/intro-to-python/02_functions/sample_module.py'>" "<module 'sample_module' from '/home/alexander/Repositories/intro-to-python/02_functions/sample_module.py'>"
] ]
}, },
"execution_count": 41, "execution_count": 41,
@ -1499,12 +1513,12 @@
"\n", "\n",
"average_evens(numbers, *, scalar=1)\n", "average_evens(numbers, *, scalar=1)\n",
" Calculate the average of all even numbers in a list.\n", " Calculate the average of all even numbers in a list.\n",
" \n", "\n",
" Args:\n", " Args:\n",
" numbers (list of int's/float's): numbers to be averaged;\n", " numbers (list of int's/float's): numbers to be averaged;\n",
" if non-whole numbers are provided, they are rounded\n", " if non-whole numbers are provided, they are rounded\n",
" scalar (float, optional): multiplies the average; defaults to 1\n", " scalar (float, optional): multiplies the average; defaults to 1\n",
" \n", "\n",
" Returns:\n", " Returns:\n",
" scaled_average (float)\n", " scaled_average (float)\n",
"\n" "\n"
@ -1593,7 +1607,7 @@
"name": "python", "name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.6" "version": "3.12.2"
}, },
"livereveal": { "livereveal": {
"auto_select": "code", "auto_select": "code",

2
02_functions/03_summary.ipynb
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
"name": "python", "name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.6" "version": "3.12.2"
}, },
"livereveal": { "livereveal": {
"auto_select": "code", "auto_select": "code",

2
02_functions/04_review.ipynb
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@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
"name": "python", "name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.8.6" "version": "3.12.2"
}, },
"toc": { "toc": {
"base_numbering": 1, "base_numbering": 1,