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Alexander Hess 2024-04-08 22:13:31 +02:00
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4
04_iteration/00_content.ipynb
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)."
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/main?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb)."
]
},
{
@ -874,7 +874,7 @@
"\n",
"To understand this in detail, we have to study algorithms and data structures (e.g., with [this book](https://www.amazon.de/Introduction-Algorithms-Press-Thomas-Cormen/dp/0262033844/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=1JNE8U0VZGU0O&qid=1569837169&s=gateway&sprefix=algorithms+an%2Caps%2C180&sr=8-1)), a discipline within computer science, and dive into the analysis of **[time complexity of algorithms <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity)**.\n",
"\n",
"Luckily, in the Fibonacci case, the inefficiency can be resolved with a **caching** (i.e., \"reuse\") strategy from the field of **[dynamic programming <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming)**, namely **[memoization <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoization)**. We do so in [Chapter 9 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/09_mappings/02_content.ipynb#Memoization), after introducing the `dict` data type.\n",
"Luckily, in the Fibonacci case, the inefficiency can be resolved with a **caching** (i.e., \"reuse\") strategy from the field of **[dynamic programming <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming)**, namely **[memoization <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_wiki.png\">](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoization)**. We do so in [Chapter 9 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/09_mappings/02_content.ipynb#Memoization), after introducing the `dict` data type.\n",
"\n",
"Let's measure the average run times for `fibonacci()` and varying `i` arguments with the `%%timeit` [cell magic](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-timeit) that comes with Jupyter."
]

4
04_iteration/01_exercises_hanoi-towers.ipynb
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)."
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/main?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/01_exercises.ipynb)."
]
},
{
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 4.\n",
"The exercises below assume that you have read the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb) of Chapter 4.\n",
"\n",
"The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
]

10
04_iteration/02_content.ipynb
View file

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)."
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/main?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb)."
]
},
{
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"After learning about the concept of **recursion** in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb) of this chapter, we look at other ways of running code repeatedly, namely **looping** with the `for` and `while` statements. We start with the latter as it is more generic. Throughout this second part of the chapter, we revisit the same examples from the first part to show how recursion and looping are really two sides of the same coin."
"After learning about the concept of **recursion** in the [first part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb) of this chapter, we look at other ways of running code repeatedly, namely **looping** with the `for` and `while` statements. We start with the latter as it is more generic. Throughout this second part of the chapter, we revisit the same examples from the first part to show how recursion and looping are really two sides of the same coin."
]
},
{
@ -582,7 +582,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"For sequences of integers, the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in makes the `for` statement even more convenient: It creates a `list`-like object of type `range` that generates integers \"on the fly,\" and we look closely at the underlying effects in memory in [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#Mapping)."
"For sequences of integers, the [range() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range) built-in makes the `for` statement even more convenient: It creates a `list`-like object of type `range` that generates integers \"on the fly,\" and we look closely at the underlying effects in memory in [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb#Mapping)."
]
},
{
@ -713,11 +713,11 @@
"\n",
"Now, just as we classify objects by data type, we also classify these data types (e.g., `int`, `float`, `str`, or `list`) into **abstract concepts**.\n",
"\n",
"We did this already in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?) when we described a `list` object as \"some sort of container that holds [...] references to other objects\". So, abstractly speaking, **containers** are any objects that are \"composed\" of other objects and also \"manage\" how these objects are organized. `list` objects, for example, have the property that they model an order associated with their elements. There exist, however, other container types, many of which do *not* come with an order. So, containers primarily \"contain\" other objects and have *nothing* to do with looping.\n",
"We did this already in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/01_elements/03_content.ipynb#Who-am-I?-And-how-many?) when we described a `list` object as \"some sort of container that holds [...] references to other objects\". So, abstractly speaking, **containers** are any objects that are \"composed\" of other objects and also \"manage\" how these objects are organized. `list` objects, for example, have the property that they model an order associated with their elements. There exist, however, other container types, many of which do *not* come with an order. So, containers primarily \"contain\" other objects and have *nothing* to do with looping.\n",
"\n",
"On the contrary, the abstract concept of **iterables** is all about looping: Any object that we can loop over is, by definition, an iterable. So, `range` objects, for example, are iterables, even though they hold no references to other objects. Moreover, looping does *not* have to occur in a *predictable* order, although this is the case for both `list` and `range` objects.\n",
"\n",
"Typically, containers are iterables, and iterables are containers. Yet, only because these two concepts coincide often, we must not think of them as the same. In [Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#Collections-vs.-Sequences), we formalize these two concepts and introduce many more. Finally, [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/11_classes/00_content.ipynb) gives an explanation how abstract concepts are implemented and play together.\n",
"Typically, containers are iterables, and iterables are containers. Yet, only because these two concepts coincide often, we must not think of them as the same. In [Chapter 7 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/07_sequences/00_content.ipynb#Collections-vs.-Sequences), we formalize these two concepts and introduce many more. Finally, [Chapter 11 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/11_classes/00_content.ipynb) gives an explanation how abstract concepts are implemented and play together.\n",
"\n",
"Let's continue with `first_names` below as an example an illustrate what iterable containers are."
]

10
04_iteration/03_content.ipynb
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)."
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Clear All Outputs*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *before* reading this notebook to reset its output. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/main?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb)."
]
},
{
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"While what we learned about the `for` and `while` statements in the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb) of this chapter suffices to translate any iterative algorithm into code, both come with some syntactic sugar to make life easier for the developer. This last part of the chapter shows how we can further customize the looping logic and introduces as \"trick\" for situations where we cannot come up with a stopping criterion in a `while`-loop."
"While what we learned about the `for` and `while` statements in the [second part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb) of this chapter suffices to translate any iterative algorithm into code, both come with some syntactic sugar to make life easier for the developer. This last part of the chapter shows how we can further customize the looping logic and introduces as \"trick\" for situations where we cannot come up with a stopping criterion in a `while`-loop."
]
},
{
@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"Often, we process some iterable with numeric data, for example, a list of `numbers` as in this book's introductory example in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List) or, more realistically, data from a CSV file with many rows and columns.\n",
"Often, we process some iterable with numeric data, for example, a list of `numbers` as in this book's introductory example in [Chapter 1 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/01_elements/00_content.ipynb#Example:-Averaging-all-even-Numbers-in-a-List) or, more realistically, data from a CSV file with many rows and columns.\n",
"\n",
"Processing numeric data usually comes down to operations that may be grouped into one of the following three categories:\n",
"\n",
@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
"- **filtering**: throw away individual numbers (e.g., statistical outliers in a sample)\n",
"- **reducing**: collect individual numbers into summary statistics\n",
"\n",
"We study this **map-filter-reduce** paradigm extensively in [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb) after introducing more advanced data types that are needed to work with \"big\" data.\n",
"We study this **map-filter-reduce** paradigm extensively in [Chapter 8 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/08_mfr/00_content.ipynb) after introducing more advanced data types that are needed to work with \"big\" data.\n",
"\n",
"Here, we focus on *filtering out* some numbers in a `for`-loop."
]
@ -535,7 +535,7 @@
}
},
"source": [
"With already three levels of indentation, less horizontal space is available for the actual code block. Of course, one could flatten the two `if` statements with the logical `and` operator, as shown in [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#The-if-Statement). Then, however, we trade off horizontal space against a more \"complex\" `if` logic, and this is *not* a real improvement."
"With already three levels of indentation, less horizontal space is available for the actual code block. Of course, one could flatten the two `if` statements with the logical `and` operator, as shown in [Chapter 3 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/03_conditionals/00_content.ipynb#The-if-Statement). Then, however, we trade off horizontal space against a more \"complex\" `if` logic, and this is *not* a real improvement."
]
},
{

6
04_iteration/04_exercises_dice.ipynb
View file

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/develop?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)."
"**Note**: Click on \"*Kernel*\" > \"*Restart Kernel and Run All*\" in [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) *after* finishing the exercises to ensure that your solution runs top to bottom *without* any errors. If you cannot run this file on your machine, you may want to open it [in the cloud <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_mb.png\">](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/webartifex/intro-to-python/main?urlpath=lab/tree/04_iteration/04_exercises.ipynb)."
]
},
{
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The exercises below assume that you have read the [third part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb) of Chapter 4.\n",
"The exercises below assume that you have read the [third part <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb) of Chapter 4.\n",
"\n",
"The `...`'s in the code cells indicate where you need to fill in code snippets. The number of `...`'s within a code cell give you a rough idea of how many lines of code are needed to solve the task. You should not need to create any additional code cells for your final solution. However, you may want to use temporary code cells to try out some ideas."
]
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"In this exercise, you will model the throwing of dice within the context of a guessing game similar to the one shown in the \"*Example: Guessing a Coin Toss*\" section in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb#Example:-Guessing-a-Coin-Toss).\n",
"In this exercise, you will model the throwing of dice within the context of a guessing game similar to the one shown in the \"*Example: Guessing a Coin Toss*\" section in [Chapter 4 <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb#Example:-Guessing-a-Coin-Toss).\n",
"\n",
"As the game involves randomness, we import the [random <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html) module from the [standard library <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html). To follow best practices, we set the random seed as well."
]

2
04_iteration/06_review.ipynb
View file

@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb), [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb), and the [third <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/develop/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 4.\n",
"The questions below assume that you have read the [first <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/00_content.ipynb), [second <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/02_content.ipynb), and the [third <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_nb.png\">](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/main/04_iteration/03_content.ipynb) part of Chapter 4.\n",
"\n",
"Be concise in your answers! Most questions can be answered in *one* sentence."
]