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    "\n",
    "# Chapter 1: Elements of a Program"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Content Review"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Read [Chapter 1](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/webartifex/intro-to-python/blob/master/01_elements.ipynb) of the book. Then work through the ten review questions."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Essay Questions "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Answer the following questions briefly with *at most* 300 characters per question!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q1**: Elaborate on how **modulo division** might be a handy operation to know!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q2**: What is a **dynamically typed** language? How does it differ from a **statically typed** language? What does that mean for Python?"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q3**: Why is it useful to start counting at $0$?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q4**: What is **operator overloading**?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q5**: What are the basic **naming conventions** for variables? What happens if a name collides with one of Python's [keywords](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords)?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q6**: Advocates of the [functional programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming) paradigm suggest not to use **mutable** data types in a program. What are the advantages of that approach? What might be a downside?"
   ]
  },
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### True / False Questions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Motivate your answer with *one short* sentence!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q7**: \"**dunder**\" refers to a group of Australian (\"down under\") geeks that work on core Python."
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q8**: The **Zen of Python** has a high opinion on Indian genius programmers."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q9**: When NASA famously converted some measurements to the wrong unit and lost a Mars satellite in 1999 ([source](https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1110mars-climate-observer-report/)), this is an example of a so-called **runtime error**."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q10**: [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) suggests that developers use **8 spaces** per level of indentation."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " "
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Coding Exercises"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Printing Output"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q11.1**: Read about the [print()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) built-in. How can you use it to print both `greeting` and `audience` *without* concatenating the two strings with the `+` operator?\n",
    "\n",
    "Hint: The `*objects` in the documentation implies that we can insert several comma-seperated variables."
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": null,
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    "greeting = \"Hello\"\n",
    "audience = \"World\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q11.2**: What does the `sep=\" \"` mean in the documentation? Use it to print out the three names in `first`, `second`, and `third` on one line seperated by commas with one [print()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print) statement."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
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    "first = \"Anthony\"\n",
    "second = \"Berta\"\n",
    "third = \"Christian\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(...)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Q11.3**: Lastly, what does the `end=\"\\n\"` mean in the documentation? Use it in the `for`-loop to print the numbers 1 through 10 in just one line."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for number in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]:\n",
    "    print(...)"
   ]
  }
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