Prefix methods with a dot
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5 changed files with 27 additions and 27 deletions
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@ -2370,7 +2370,7 @@
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"source": [
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"Objects of type `str` come with many **methods** bound on them (cf., the [documentation <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods) for a full list). As seen before, they work like *normal* functions and are accessed via the **dot operator** `.`. Calling a method is also referred to as **method invocation**.\n",
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"\n",
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"The [find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or a substring. If no match is found, it returns `-1`. A mirrored version searching from the right called [rfind() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind) exists as well. The [index() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.index) and [rindex() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rindex) methods work in the same way but raise a `ValueError` if no match is found. So, we can control if a search fails *silently* or *loudly*."
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"The [.find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or a substring. If no match is found, it returns `-1`. A mirrored version searching from the right called [.rfind() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind) exists as well. The [.index() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.index) and [.rindex() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rindex) methods work in the same way but raise a `ValueError` if no match is found. So, we can control if a search fails *silently* or *loudly*."
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@ -2477,7 +2477,7 @@
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"source": [
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"[find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) takes optional *start* and *end* arguments that allow us to find occurrences other than the first one."
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"[.find() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.find) takes optional *start* and *end* arguments that allow us to find occurrences other than the first one."
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@ -2560,7 +2560,7 @@
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"source": [
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"The [count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) method does what we expect."
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"The [.count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) method does what we expect."
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@ -2619,7 +2619,7 @@
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"source": [
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"As [count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) is *case-sensitive*, we must **chain** it with the [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) method to get the count of all `\"L\"`s and `\"l\"`s."
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"As [.count() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.count) is *case-sensitive*, we must **chain** it with the [.lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) method to get the count of all `\"L\"`s and `\"l\"`s."
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"source": [
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"Alternatively, we can use the [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) method and search for `\"L\"`s."
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"Alternatively, we can use the [.upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) method and search for `\"L\"`s."
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@ -2689,7 +2689,7 @@
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"source": [
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"Because `str` objects are *immutable*, [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) return *new* `str` objects, even if they do *not* change the value of the original `str` object."
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"Because `str` objects are *immutable*, [.upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [.lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) return *new* `str` objects, even if they do *not* change the value of the original `str` object."
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@ -2833,7 +2833,7 @@
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"source": [
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"Besides [upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) there exist also [title() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title) and [swapcase() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.swapcase) methods."
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"Besides [.upper() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.upper) and [.lower() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lower) there exist also [.title() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title) and [.swapcase() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.swapcase) methods."
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"source": [
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"Another popular string method is [split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split): It separates a longer `str` object into smaller ones collected in a `list` object. By default, groups of contiguous whitespace characters are used as the *separator*.\n",
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"Another popular string method is [.split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split): It separates a longer `str` object into smaller ones collected in a `list` object. By default, groups of contiguous whitespace characters are used as the *separator*.\n",
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"\n",
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"As an example, we use [split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) to print out the individual words in `text` with more whitespace in between them."
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"As an example, we use [.split() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split) to print out the individual words in `text` with more whitespace in between them."
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"source": [
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"The opposite of splitting is done with the [join() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) method. It is typically invoked on a `str` object that represents a separator (e.g., `\" \"` or `\", \"`) and connects the elements provided by an *iterable* argument (e.g., `words` below) into one *new* `str` object."
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"The opposite of splitting is done with the [.join() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.join) method. It is typically invoked on a `str` object that represents a separator (e.g., `\" \"` or `\", \"`) and connects the elements provided by an *iterable* argument (e.g., `words` below) into one *new* `str` object."
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"source": [
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"The [replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method creates a *new* `str` object with parts of the original `str` object potentially replaced."
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"The [.replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) method creates a *new* `str` object with parts of the original `str` object potentially replaced."
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"source": [
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"Note how `sentence` itself remains unchanged. Bound to an immutable object, [replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) must create *new* objects."
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"Note how `sentence` itself remains unchanged. Bound to an immutable object, [.replace() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace) must create *new* objects."
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"source": [
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"As seen previously, the [strip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.strip) method is often helpful in cleaning text data from unreliable sources like user input from unnecessary leading and trailing whitespace. The [lstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lstrip) and [rstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rstrip) methods are specialized versions of it."
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"As seen previously, the [.strip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.strip) method is often helpful in cleaning text data from unreliable sources like user input from unnecessary leading and trailing whitespace. The [.lstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.lstrip) and [.rstrip() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rstrip) methods are specialized versions of it."
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"source": [
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"When justifying a `str` object for output, the [ljust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.ljust) and [rjust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rjust) methods may be helpful."
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"When justifying a `str` object for output, the [.ljust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.ljust) and [.rjust() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.rjust) methods may be helpful."
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"source": [
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"Similarly, the [zfill() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.zfill) method can be used to pad a `str` representation of a number with leading `0`s for justified output."
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"Similarly, the [.zfill() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.zfill) method can be used to pad a `str` representation of a number with leading `0`s for justified output."
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"source": [
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"`str` objects also provide a [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method that accepts an arbitrary number of *positional* arguments that are inserted into the `str` object in the same order replacing empty curly brackets `{}`. String interpolation with the [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is a more traditional and probably the most common way as of today. While f-strings are the recommended way going forward, usage of the [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is likely not declining any time soon."
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"`str` objects also provide a [.format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method that accepts an arbitrary number of *positional* arguments that are inserted into the `str` object in the same order replacing empty curly brackets `{}`. String interpolation with the [.format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is a more traditional and probably the most common way as of today. While f-strings are the recommended way going forward, usage of the [.format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method is likely not declining any time soon."
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"source": [
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"The [format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method may alternatively be used with *keyword* arguments as well. Then, we must put the keywords' names within the curly brackets."
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"The [.format() <img height=\"12\" style=\"display: inline-block\" src=\"../static/link/to_py.png\">](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format) method may alternatively be used with *keyword* arguments as well. Then, we must put the keywords' names within the curly brackets."
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{
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